Editing Cachexia (section)

==Epidemiology==
Accurate [[epidemiology|epidemiological data]] on the prevalence of cachexia is lacking due to changing diagnostic criteria and under-identification of people with the disorder.<ref name="von haehling-2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = von Haehling S, Anker SD | title = Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: facts and numbers | journal = Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–5 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 21475699 | pmc = 3060651 | doi = 10.1007/s13539-010-0002-6 }}</ref> It is estimated that cachexia from any disease is estimated to affect more than 5 million people in the United States.<ref name="peterson-2017" /> The prevalence of cachexia is growing and estimated at 1% of the population. The prevalence is lower in Asia but due to the larger population, represents a similar burden. Cachexia is also a significant problem in South America and Africa.<ref name="von haehling-2010" />

Within people with cancer, prevalence of cachexia was previously reported to range from 11%-71%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anker |first1=Markus S. |last2=Holcomb |first2=Richard |last3=Muscaritoli |first3=Maurizio |last4=von Haehling |first4=Stephan |last5=Haverkamp |first5=Wilhelm |last6=Jatoi |first6=Aminah |last7=Morley |first7=John E. |last8=Strasser |first8=Florian |last9=Landmesser |first9=Ulf |last10=Coats |first10=Andrew J.S. |last11=Anker |first11=Stefan D. |date=2019 |title=Orphan disease status of cancer cachexia in the USA and in the European Union: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=22–34 |doi=10.1002/jcsm.12402 |issn=2190-5991 |pmc=6438416 |pmid=30920776}}</ref> Recent updates show that 33%-51.8% of people with cancer develop cachexia, though current estimates of prevalence vary widely and may be unreliable due to absence of consensus guidelines for diagnosis, variability in cancer populations, and variability in timing of diagnosis.<ref name="peterson-2017" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Takaoka |first1=Tomoya |last2=Yaegashi |first2=Akinori |last3=Watanabe |first3=Daiki |date=2024 |title=Prevalence of and Survival with Cachexia among Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Advances in Nutrition |language=en |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=100282 |doi=10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100282 |pmc=11402144 |pmid=39127425}}</ref><ref name="poisson-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Poisson |first1=Johanne |last2=Martinez-Tapia |first2=Claudia |last3=Heitz |first3=Damien |last4=Geiss |first4=Romain |last5=Albrand |first5=Gilles |last6=Falandry |first6=Claire |last7=Gisselbrecht |first7=Mathilde |last8=Couderc |first8=Anne-Laure |last9=Boulahssass |first9=Rabia |last10=Liuu |first10=Evelyne |last11=Boudou-Rouquette |first11=Pascaline |last12=Chah Wakilian |first12=Anne |last13=Gaxatte |first13=Cedric |last14=Pamoukdjian |first14=Fréderic |last15=de Decker |first15=Laure |date=2021 |title=Prevalence and prognostic impact of cachexia among older people with cancer: a nationwide cross-sectional survey (NutriAgeCancer) |journal=Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=1477–1488 |doi=10.1002/jcsm.12776 |issn=2190-5991 |pmc=8718093 |pmid=34519440}}</ref>  Specifically, the highest rates were seen in older populations as well as those with upper gastrointestinal, colorectal, and lung cancers, respectively.<ref name="peterson-2017" /><ref name="poisson-2021" /> The prevalence increases in advanced cancer stages, affecting up to 80% of terminal cancer cases.<ref name="fearon-2002" />

The most frequent diseases causing cachexia in the United States are: 1) Cancer , 2) chronic heart failure, 3) [[chronic kidney disease]], 4) COPD.<ref name="von haehling-2010" />

Cachexia contributes to significant loss of function and healthcare utilization. Estimates suggest that cachexia accounted for 177,640 hospital stays in 2016 in the United States.<ref>Barrett ML, Bailey MK, Owens PL. Non-maternal and Non-neonatal Inpatient Stays in the United States Involving Malnutrition, 2016. ONLINE. August 30, 2018. U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Available: https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/HCUPMalnutritionHospReport_083018.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127012911/https://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/HCUPMalnutritionHospReport_083018.pdf |date=2021-11-27 }}.</ref> Cachexia is considered the immediate cause of death of many people with cancer, estimated between 22 and 40%.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Alhamarneh O, Agada F, Madden L, Stafford N, Greenman J|date=March 2011|title=Serum IL10 and circulating CD4(+) CD25(high) regulatory T cell numbers as predictors of clinical outcome and survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma|journal=Head & Neck|volume=33|issue=3|pages=415–23|doi=10.1002/hed.21464|pmid=20645289|s2cid=20061488|doi-access=free}}</ref>