Editing Caliphate (section)

==== Sharifian Caliphate (1924–1931) ====
{{Main|Sharifian Caliphate}}
[[File:Hejaz-English.jpg|thumb|The [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], which would become the [[Sharifian Caliphate]] in green, and the current region in red]]
The '''Sharifian Caliphate''' ({{langx|ar|خلافة شريفية}}) was an Arab caliphate proclaimed by the [[Sharif of Mecca|Sharifian rulers]] of [[Kingdom of Hejaz|Hejaz]] in 1924 previously known as [[Hejaz Vilayet|Vilayet Hejaz]], declaring independence from the [[Ottoman Caliphate]]. The idea of the Sharifian Caliphate had been floating around since at least the fifteenth century.<ref>[[#Tei01|Teitelbaum 2001 p. 42]]{{verify source|date=March 2015}}</ref> In the [[Arab world]], it represented the culmination of a long struggle to reclaim the caliphate from Ottoman hands. The first Arab revolts challenging the validity of the Ottoman caliphate and demanding that an Arab [[Sayyid]] be chosen as caliph can be traced back to 1883 when Sheikh Hamat-al-Din seized [[Sanaa]] and called for the caliphate as a Sayyid.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Series Vol. 7 No. 6 (1 May 1917) |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-392930355 |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=Trove  |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525103934/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-392930355/view |url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref>

However, it was not until the [[Abolition of the Caliphate|end of the Ottoman caliphate]], abolished by the [[Kemalists]], that Hussein bin Ali was proclaimed caliph in March 1924. His stance towards the Ottoman caliphate was ambiguous, and while he was hostile to it,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Source Records of the Great War Sharif Hussein's Proclamation of Independence from Turkey, 27th June 1916 |url=https://sayyidamiruddin.com/2013/08/13/sharif-husseins-proclamation-of-independence-from-turkey-27-june-1916/#& |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https://sayyidamiruddin.com/2013/08/13/sharif-husseins-proclamation-of-independence-from-turkey-27-june-1916/#& |archive-date=2023-12-14 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=archive.wikiwix.com}}</ref> he preferred to wait for its official abolition before assuming the title, so as not to break the [[Ummah]] by creating a second caliph alongside the [[Ottoman caliph]]. He also supported financially the late Ottoman dynasty in exile, to avoid them being ruined.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ekinci |first=ekrem |title=How Did the Ottoman Dynasty Survive in Exile? |url=https://www.ekrembugraekinci.com/article/?ID=1395&how-did-the-ottoman-dynasty-survive-in-exile- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213104431/https://www.ekrembugraekinci.com/article/?ID=1395&how-did-the-ottoman-dynasty-survive-in-exile- |archive-date=2023-12-13 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.ekrembugraekinci.com |language=tr}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2024}}

His caliphate was opposed by the [[British Empire]], [[Zionists]], and [[Wahhabis]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Al-Momani |first1=Nidal Daoud Mohammad |year=2014 |title=Al-Sharif, Al-Hussein Bin Ali between the Zionists and the Palestinians in 1924 A decisive year in the political history of Al-Hussein |journal=Journal of Human Sciences |volume=2014 |issue=2 |pages=312–335 |doi=10.12785/jhs/20140213 |doi-access=free}}</ref> but he received support from a large part of the [[Muslims|Muslim population]] at the time,<ref>{{cite book |author1=British Secret Service |title=Jeddah Report 1-29 Mars 1924 |date=29 March 1924 |publisher=British Secret Service |location=Jeddah |page=FO 371/100CWE 3356}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kramer |first1=Martin |title=Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses |year=1986 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=1-59740-468-3}}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref> as well as from [[Mehmed VI]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 1924 |title=Central File: Decimal File 867.9111, Internal Affairs Of States, Public Press., Newspapers., Turkey, Clippings And Items., March 22, 1924 – March 12, 1925 |work=Turkey: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1802–1949 |id={{Gale|C5111548903}}}}</ref> Although he lost the Hejaz and was exiled, then imprisoned by the [[British Empire|British]] on [[Cyprus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Strohmeier |first1=Martin |date=3 September 2019 |title=The exile of Husayn b. Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930) |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=733–755 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2019.1596895 |s2cid=164473838}}</ref> Hussein continued to use the title until his death in 1931.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sazonov |first1=Vladimir |title=Cultural Crossroads in the Middle East: The Historical, Cultural and Political Legacy of Intercultural Dialogue and Conflict from the Ancient Near East to the Present Day |last2=Espak |first2=Peeter |last3=Mölder |first3=Holger |last4=Saumets |first4=Andres |year=2020 |publisher=University of Tartu Press |isbn=978-9949-03-520-5}}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bar |first1=Shmuel |date=January 2016 |title=The implications of the Caliphate |journal=Comparative Strategy |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/01495933.2016.1133994 |s2cid=157012525}}</ref>