Editing Cancer (section)

=== Dietary ===
{{Main|Diet and cancer}}
While many dietary recommendations have been proposed to reduce cancer risks, the evidence to support them is not definitive.<ref name=Kushi2012/><ref name=Diet11>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wicki A, Hagmann J |title=Diet and cancer |journal=[[Swiss Medical Weekly]] |volume=141 |pages=w13250 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21904992 |doi=10.4414/smw.2011.13250|doi-access=free }}</ref> The primary dietary factors that increase risk are [[obesity]] and alcohol consumption. Diets low in fruits and vegetables and high in red meat have been implicated but reviews and meta-analyses do not come to a consistent conclusion.<ref name="pmid22202045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cappellani A, Di Vita M, Zanghi A, Cavallaro A, Piccolo G, Veroux M, Berretta M, Malaguarnera M, Canzonieri V, Lo Menzo E |title=Diet, obesity and breast cancer: an update |journal=Frontiers in Bioscience |volume=4 |pages=90–108 |date=January 2012 |issue=1 |pmid=22202045 |doi=10.2741/253}}</ref><ref name="pmid21119663">{{cite journal |vauthors=Key TJ |title=Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk |journal=British Journal of Cancer |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=6–11 |date=January 2011 |pmid=21119663 |pmc=3039795 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6606032}}</ref> A 2014 meta-analysis found no relationship between fruits and vegetables and cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao G, Bao W, Hu FB |title=Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies |journal=BMJ |volume=349 |pages=g4490 |date=July 2014 |pmid=25073782 |pmc=4115152 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g4490}}</ref> Coffee is associated with a reduced risk of [[liver cancer]].<ref name="pmid17484871">{{cite journal |vauthors=Larsson SC, Wolk A |title=Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=132 |issue=5 |pages=1740–5 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17484871 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.044|url=http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016508507005689/pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref> Studies have linked excessive consumption of [[red meat|red]] or [[processed meat]] to an increased risk of breast cancer, [[Colorectal cancer|colon cancer]] and [[pancreatic cancer]], a phenomenon that could be due to the presence of [[carcinogens]] in meats cooked at high temperatures.<ref name="pmid19838915">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zheng W, Lee SA |title=Well-done meat intake, heterocyclic amine exposure, and cancer risk |journal=Nutrition and Cancer |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=437–46 |year=2009 |pmid=19838915 |pmc=2769029 |doi=10.1080/01635580802710741}}</ref><ref name="pmid20374790">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferguson LR |title=Meat and cancer |journal=Meat Science |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=308–13 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20374790 |doi=10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.06.032}}</ref> In 2015 the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]] reported that eating [[processed meat]] (e.g., [[bacon]], [[ham]], [[hot dogs]], [[sausages]]) and, to a lesser degree, [[red meat]] was linked to some cancers.<ref name="WHO-20151026">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=World Health Organization – IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat |url=http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf |date=26 October 2015 |work=[[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] |access-date=26 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026144543/http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20151026">{{cite news | vauthors = Hauser C |title=W.H.O. Report Links Some Cancers With Processed or Red Meat |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/27/health/report-links-some-types-of-cancer-with-processed-or-red-meat.html |date=26 October 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=26 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026173834/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/27/health/report-links-some-types-of-cancer-with-processed-or-red-meat.html |archive-date=26 October 2015}}</ref>

[[Healthy diet|Dietary recommendations]] for cancer prevention typically include an emphasis on vegetables, fruit, [[whole grains]] and fish and an avoidance of processed and red meat (beef, pork, lamb), [[animal fats]], [[pickled foods]] and [[Carbohydrate#Nutrition|refined carbohydrates]].<ref name=Kushi2012/><ref name=Diet11/>