Editing City (section)

=== Economics ===
[[File:Taipei Skyline 2022.06.29.jpg|thumb|Clusters of skyscrapers in [[Xinyi Planning District]], the centre of commerce and finance of [[Taipei]], the capital of [[Taiwan]]]]
Historically, cities rely on [[rural area]]s for [[intensive farming]] to [[crop yield|yield surplus crops]], in exchange for which they provide money, political administration, manufactured goods, and culture.<ref name="Kaplan2004p155" /><ref name="Marshall1989p15" /> [[Urban economics]] tends to analyze larger agglomerations, stretching beyond city limits, in order to reach a more complete understanding of the local [[labor market]].<ref>Marshall (1989), pp. 5–6.</ref>

As hubs of trade, cities have long been home to [[retail]] commerce and [[Consumption (economics)|consumption]] through the interface of [[shopping]]. In the 20th century, [[department store]]s using new techniques of [[advertising]], [[public relations]], [[decorative arts|decoration]], and [[design]], transformed urban shopping areas into [[fantasy world]]s encouraging self-expression and escape through [[consumerism]].<ref>{{harvnb| Latham | McCormack | McNamara | McNeill | 2009 | pp=160–164}}: "Indeed, the design of the buildings often revolves around the consumable fantasy experience, seen most markedly in the likes of Universal CityWalk, Disneyland and Las Vegas. Architecture critic Ada Louise Huxtable (1997) names architectural structures built specifically as entertainment spaces as 'Architainment'. These places are, of course, places to make money, but they are also stages of performance for an interactive consumer."</ref><ref>Leach (1993), pp. 173–176 and passim.</ref>

In general, the density of cities expedites commerce and facilitates [[knowledge spillover]]s, helping people and firms exchange information and generate new ideas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philadelphiafed.org/files/br/brq401gc.pdf |title=Knowledge Spillovers |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-date=1 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501140511/http://www.philadelphiafed.org/files/br/brq401gc.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CalderFreytas2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Calder |first1=Kent E. |last2=de Freytas |first2=Mariko |year=2009 |title=Global Political Cities as Actors in Twenty-First Century International Affairs |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/269254 |journal=SAIS Review of International Affairs|volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=79–96 |doi=10.1353/sais.0.0036 |s2cid=154230409 |issn=1945-4724 |quote=Beneath state-to-state dealings, a flurry of activity occurs, with interpersonal networks forming policy communities involving embassies, think tanks, academic institutions, lobbying firms, politicians, congressional staff, research centers, NGOs, and intelligence agencies. This interaction at the level of 'technostructure'—heavily oriented toward information gathering and incremental policy modification—is too complex and voluminous to be monitored by top leadership, yet nevertheless often has important implications for policy.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A thicker labor market allows for better skill matching between firms and individuals. Population density also enables sharing of common infrastructure and production facilities; however, in very dense cities, increased crowding and waiting times may lead to some negative effects.<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Borowiecki| first1 = Karol J.| title = Agglomeration Economies in Classical Music| journal = Papers in Regional Science| volume = 94| issue = 3| pages = 443–468| year = 2015| url = https://ideas.repec.org/p/cue/wpaper/awp-02-2013.html| doi = 10.1111/pirs.12078| bibcode = 2015PRegS..94..443B| hdl = 10419/246978| access-date = 11 November 2015| archive-date = 4 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201317/https://ideas.repec.org/p/cue/wpaper/awp-02-2013.html| url-status = live| hdl-access = free}}</ref>

Although [[manufacturing]] fueled the growth of cities, many now rely on a [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary]] or [[service economy]]. The services in question range from [[tourism]], [[hospitality industry|hospitality]], [[entertainment]], and [[housekeeping]] to [[grey-collar]] work in [[legal outsourcing|law]], financial consulting, and [[management|administration]].<ref name="Kaplan2004p164" /><ref>[[Saskia Sassen]], "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saskia_Sassen/publication/246326854_Global_Cities_and_Survival_Circuits/links/5411771c0cf29e4a2329630c.pdf Global Cities and Survival Circuits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010004747/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saskia_Sassen/publication/246326854_Global_Cities_and_Survival_Circuits/links/5411771c0cf29e4a2329630c.pdf |date=10 October 2017 }}"; in ''Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy'' ed. [[Barbara Ehrenreich]] and [[Arlie Russell Hochschild]]; New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002.</ref>

According to a scientific model of cities by Professor [[Geoffrey West]], with the doubling of a city's size, salaries per capita will generally increase by 15%.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Bettencourt | first1 = L. M. A.
| last2 = Lobo | first2 = J.
| last3 = Helbing | first3 = D.
| last4 = Kuhnert | first4 = C.
| last5 = West | first5 = G. B.
| author-link5 = Geoffrey West
| title = Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0610172104
| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
| volume = 104
| issue = 17
| pages = 7301–7306
| year = 2007
| pmid = 17438298
| pmc =1852329
|bibcode = 2007PNAS..104.7301B | doi-access = free
}}</ref>