Editing Concussion (section)

==Epidemiology==
[[Image:MTBI incidince bar graph.svg|thumb|right|Annual incidence of MTBI by age group in Canada<ref name=gordonke/>]]
Most cases of traumatic brain injury are concussions. A World Health Organization (WHO) study estimated that between 70 and 90% of head injuries that receive treatment are mild.<ref name=Cassidy2004/> However, due to under reporting and to the widely varying definitions of concussion and mTBI, it is difficult to estimate how common the condition is.<ref name="Petchprapai07">{{cite journal | vauthors = Petchprapai N, Winkelman C | title = Mild traumatic brain injury: determinants and subsequent quality of life. A review of the literature | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 260–272 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17966292 | doi = 10.1097/01376517-200710000-00002 | s2cid = 24802904 }}</ref> Estimates of the incidence of concussion may be artificially low, for example, due to under reporting. At least 25% of people with mTBI fail to get assessed by a medical professional.<ref name=Iverson2005/> The WHO group reviewed studies on the epidemiology of mTBI and found a hospital treatment rate of 1–3 per 1000 people, but since not all concussions are treated in hospitals, they estimated that the rate per year in the general population is over 6 per 1000 people.<ref name=Cassidy2004/>

===Age===
Young children have the highest concussion rate among all age groups.<ref name=NEJM2007/> However, most people with a concussion are young adults.<ref name=Ryan03/> A Canadian study found that the yearly [[incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of mTBI is lower in older age groups (graph at right).<ref name="gordonke">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gordon KE, Dooley JM, Wood EP | title = Descriptive epidemiology of concussion | journal = Pediatric Neurology | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 376–378 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16647998 | doi = 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.09.007 }}</ref> Studies suggest males develop mTBI at about twice the rate of their female counterparts.<ref name=Cassidy2004/> However, female athletes may be at a higher risk of sustaining a concussion than their male counterparts.<ref name="McKeever03">{{cite journal | vauthors = McKeever CK, Schatz P | title = Current issues in the identification, assessment, and management of concussions in sports-related injuries | journal = Applied Neuropsychology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 4–11 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12734070 | doi = 10.1207/S15324826AN1001_2 | s2cid = 33825332 }}</ref>

===Sports===
Up to five percent of [[sports injury|sports injuries]] are concussions.<ref name="Team">{{cite journal | vauthors =  | title = Concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) and the team physician: a consensus statement | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 37 | issue = 11 | pages = 2012–2016 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16286874 | doi = 10.1249/01.mss.0000186726.18341.70 | url = http://www.aoasm.org/pdf/ConcussionandtheTeamPhysician.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080228143924/http://www.aoasm.org/pdf/ConcussionandtheTeamPhysician.pdf | archive-date = 2008-02-28 }}</ref> The U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] estimates that 300,000 sports-related concussions occur yearly in the U.S., but that number includes only athletes who lost consciousness.<ref name=Langlois06/> Since loss of consciousness is thought to occur in less than 10% of concussions,<ref name="Cantu98">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cantu RC | title = Second-impact syndrome | journal = Clinics in Sports Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–44 | date = January 1998 | pmid = 9475969 | doi = 10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70059-4 }}</ref> the CDC estimate is likely lower than the real number.<ref name="Langlois06">{{cite journal | vauthors = Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM | title = The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview | journal = The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 375–378 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16983222 | doi = 10.1097/00001199-200609000-00001 | s2cid = 37525440 }}</ref> Sports in which concussion is particularly common include American football, the rugby codes, [[Mixed martial arts|MMA]] and boxing (a boxer aims to "[[Knockout|knock out]]", i.e. give a mild traumatic brain injury to, the opponent). The injury is so common in the latter that several medical groups have called for a ban on the sport, including the American Academy of Neurology, the [[World Medical Association]], and the medical associations of the UK, the US, Australia, and Canada.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Solomon GS, Johnston KM, Lovell MR |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B01qwcnzDrQC&pg=PA77 |title=The Heads-up on Sport Concussion |isbn=978-0-7360-6008-0 |publisher=Human Kinetics Pub |location=Champaign, IL |page=77 |access-date=2018-03-06 |archive-date=2021-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323073824/https://books.google.com/books?id=B01qwcnzDrQC&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Workplace ===
Concussions may also be common and occur in the workplace. According to the US Bureau of Labour Statistics, the most common causes of mTBI-related hospitalizations and deaths from the workplace are falls, force of heavy objects, and [[Traffic collision|vehicular collisions]].<ref name="U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics">{{cite web|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|title=Nonfatal cases involving days away from work: Selected characteristics. (2003–2010).|url=http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/dsrv?ch.|access-date=2020-12-07|archive-date=2021-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710210516/https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/dsrv?ch.|url-status=live}}</ref> As a consequence, jobs in the construction, transportation, and natural resource industries (e.g. [[agriculture]], [[Commercial fishing|fishing]], [[mining]]) have more elevated mTBI incidence rates ranging from 10 to 20 cases per 100,000 workers.<ref name="U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics" /> In particular, as vehicular collisions are the leading cause of workplace mTBI-related injuries, workers from the [[Transport|transportation sector]] often carry the most risk.<ref name="www.cdc.gov_2019">{{cite web|date=2019-01-31|title=Report to Congress on Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology and Rehabilitation {{!}} Concussion {{!}} Traumatic Brain Injury {{!}} CDC Injury Center|url=https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pubs/congress_epi_rehab.html|access-date=2020-12-07|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610055444/http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pubs/congress_epi_rehab.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite these findings, there still remain important gaps in data compilation on workplace-related mTBIs, which has raised questions about increased concussion surveillance and preventive measures in [[Privately held company|private industry]].<ref name="www.cdc.gov_2019" />