Editing Deep brain stimulation (section)

=== Epilepsy ===
[[File:Vagus nerve stimulation.jpg|thumb|260px|Vagus nerve stimulator for epilepsy.]]

DBS has been studied for treatment resistant epilepsy with seizure foci not amenable to surgical resection or [[vagus nerve stimulation]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Benbadis |first1=Selim R. |last2=Geller |first2=Eric |last3=Ryvlin |first3=Philippe |last4=Schachter |first4=Steven |last5=Wheless |first5=James |last6=Doyle |first6=Werner |last7=Vale |first7=Fernando L. |date=November 2018 |title=Putting it all together: Options for intractable epilepsy |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1525505018303834 |journal=Epilepsy & Behavior |language=en |volume=88 |pages=33–38 |doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.05.030|pmid=30241957 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> almost 40% of individuals with the disease are inadequately treated with medication alone.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sultana B, Panzini MA, Veilleux Carpentier A, Comtois J, Rioux B, Gore G, Bauer PR, Kwon CS, Jetté N, Josephson CB, Keezer MR |date=April 2021 |title=Incidence and Prevalence of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Neurology |volume=96 |issue=17 |pages=805–817 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000011839 |pmid=33722992 |s2cid=233401199 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1866/26896}}</ref>

[[Responsive neurostimulation device|Responsive neurostimulation]] is a form of adaptive brain stimulation that targets the [[Anterior nuclei of thalamus|anterior nucleus of the thalamus]]. The anterior nuclei of the thalamus is the only FDA approved target for epilepsy treatment, with some individuals achieving more than a 50% decrease in seizures. Other brain regions being studied as potential targets include:
* Centromedian nucleus (CM): Located in the thalamus, CM-DBS has been used in some cases of generalized epilepsy, including [[Lennox–Gastaut syndrome|Lennox-Gastaut]] syndrome. It targets the thalamocortical networks involved in seizure propagation and has been reported to help reduce seizure severity and frequency.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Vetkas |first1=Artur |last2=Fomenko |first2=Anton |last3=Germann |first3=Jürgen |last4=Sarica |first4=Can |last5=Iorio-Morin |first5=Christian |last6=Samuel |first6=Nardin |last7=Yamamoto |first7=Kazuaki |last8=Milano |first8=Vanessa |last9=Cheyuo |first9=Cletus |last10=Zemmar |first10=Ajmal |last11=Elias |first11=Gavin |last12=Boutet |first12=Alexandre |last13=Loh |first13=Aaron |last14=Santyr |first14=Brendan |last15=Gwun |first15=Dave |date=March 2022 |title=Deep brain stimulation targets in epilepsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis of anterior and centromedian thalamic nuclei and hippocampus |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/epi.17157 |journal=Epilepsia |language=en |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=513–524 |doi=10.1111/epi.17157 |pmid=34981509 |issn=0013-9580|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Hippocampus: Particularly in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, hippocampal DBS has been investigated as an option due to its role in seizure propagation and memory function. Studies have generally shown promising results, particularly for temporal lobe seizures.<ref name=":9" />
* Subthalamic nucleus (STN): Commonly used in Parkinson's disease, the STN has also been explored as a target for epilepsy due to its involvement in motor control and seizure modulation. Initial studies have shown seizure reduction, especially in patients with the focal subtype of the disease.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yan |first1=Hao |last2=Ren |first2=Liankun |last3=Yu |first3=Tao |date=December 2022 |title=Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for epilepsy |journal=Acta Neurologica Scandinavica |language=en |volume=146 |issue=6 |pages=798–804 |doi=10.1111/ane.13707 |issn=0001-6314|doi-access=free |pmid=36134756 }}</ref>