Editing Disability (section)

=== Rights and policies ===

==== Rights movement ====
{{main|Disability rights movement}}

The disability rights movement aims to secure equal opportunities and equal rights for disabled people. The specific goals and demands of the movement are [[accessibility]] and [[safety]] in transportation, architecture, and the physical environment; equal opportunities in [[independent living]], employment, education, and housing; and freedom from abuse, neglect, and violations of [[patients' rights]].<ref name="disabilityrightswi.org">{{cite web |title=Disability Rights Wisconsin |url=http://www.disabilityrightswi.org/priority-issues/abuse-neglect-and-patient-rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319215011/http://www.disabilityrightswi.org/priority-issues/abuse-neglect-and-patient-rights |archive-date=March 19, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |publisher=Disabilityrightswi.org}}</ref> Effective civil rights legislation is sought to secure these opportunities and rights.<ref name="disabilityrightswi.org" /><ref name="Law">{{cite book |last=Bagenstos |first=Samuel |url=https://archive.org/details/lawcontradiction0000bage |title=Law and the Contradictions of the Disability Rights Movement |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-300-12449-1 |location=New Haven |jstor=j.ctt1npkj3 |oclc=262432366}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Löve |first1=Laufey |last2=Traustadóttir |first2=Rannveig |last3=Rice |first3=James |date=March 26, 2018 |title=Achieving disability equality: Empowering disabled people to take the lead |journal=Social Inclusion |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.17645/si.v6i1.1180 |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11815/760 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The early disability rights movement was dominated by the medical model of disability, where emphasis was placed on curing or treating disabled people so that they would adhere to the social norm, but starting in the 1960s, rights groups began shifting to the social model of disability, where disability is interpreted as an issue of discrimination, thereby paving the way for rights groups to achieve equality through legal means.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kemple |first1=Miriam |last2=Ahmad |first2=Fatima |last3=Girijashanker |first3=Suraj |date=2011 |title=Shaping Disability Rights through Shaping the Disability Movement |journal=Journal of Human Rights Practice |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=355–63 |doi=10.1093/jhuman/hur019}}</ref>

Advocacy for disability issues and accessibility in the republics of the former Soviet Union has become more organized and influential in policymaking.<ref name="kzdisab">{{cite news |last=Satubaldina |first=Assel |date=November 27, 2020 |title=We Seek to Promote a Human Rights Based Approach to Disability |newspaper=The Astana Times |location=Kazakhstan |url=https://astanatimes.com/2020/11/we-seek-to-promote-a-human-rights-based-approach-to-disability-says-shyrak-association-leader-lyazzat-kaltayeva/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202115456/https://astanatimes.com/2020/11/we-seek-to-promote-a-human-rights-based-approach-to-disability-says-shyrak-association-leader-lyazzat-kaltayeva/ |archive-date=December 2, 2020}}</ref>

==== Disability Justice Movement ====
{{Main|Disability justice|l1=Disability Justice}}

Evolving from the disability rights movement is the Disability Justice movement, which aims to improve the lives of disabled people through prioritizing collective liberation, as opposed to prioritizing legislative change and traditional civil rights. This framework, dubbed the "second wave" of disability rights, seeks to examine the many systems of oppression that are intertwined with ableism, such colonialism, white supremacy, and heteropatriarchal capitalism.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Berne |first=Patty |title=Disability Justice - a working draft by Patty Berne |url=https://www.sinsinvalid.org/blog/disability-justice-a-working-draft-by-patty-berne |access-date=October 7, 2022 |website=Sins Invalid - An Unashamed Claim to Beauty in the Face of Invisibility|date=June 10, 2015 }}</ref> The term "Disability Justice" was coined in 2005 by [[LGBT|LGBTQ]] disabled women of color, [[Mia Mingus]], [[Patricia Berne]], and [[Stacey Milbern]], who sought to build an anti-ableist movement with a larger emphasis on [[intersectionality]] than mainstream disability rights, as to center marginalized voices. Their group, the Disability Justice Collective, also included notable disability activists such as Sebastian Margaret, [[Leroy F. Moore Jr.]], well known for his poetry and founding of the [[Krip Hop]] movement, and [[Eli Clare]], well known for popularizing the [[bodymind]] concept within disability studies.

==== Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ====
On December 13, 2006, the [[United Nations]] formally agreed on the [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]], the first human rights treaty of the 21st century, to protect and enhance the rights and opportunities of the world's estimated 650 million disabled people.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |last1=Kayess |first1=Rosemary |last2=French |first2=Phillip |date=2008 |title=Out of darkness into light? Introducing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |journal=Human Rights Law Review |volume=8 |pages=1–34 |doi=10.1093/hrlr/ngm044}}</ref> {{as of|2021|January}}, 182 nations have ratified or accepted accession to the convention.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002201518/https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |access-date=January 19, 2021 |website=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]]: Disability}}</ref> Countries that sign the convention are required to adopt national laws, and remove old ones, so that persons with disabilities will, for example, have equal rights to education, employment, and cultural life; to the right to own and inherit property; to not be discriminated against in marriage, etc.; and to not be unwilling subjects in medical experiments. UN officials, including the High Commissioner for Human Rights, have characterized the bill as representing a paradigm shift in attitudes toward a more rights-based view of disability in line with the social model.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

==== International Year of Disabled Persons ====
In 1976, the [[United Nations]] began planning for its [[International Year of Disabled Persons]] (1981),<ref>{{cite journal |date=1980 |title=International Year for Disabled Persons |journal=Public Health Reports |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=498–499 |pmc=1422742 |pmid=6893494}}</ref> later renamed the [[International Year of Disabled Persons]].  Some disability activists used the Year to highlight various injustices, such as in Australia where beauty pageants were targeted in order to, in the words of activist Leslie Hall, "challenge the notion of beauty" and "reject the charity ethic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Iain |date=April 26, 2023 |title=People With Disability Australian Protest Timeline |url=https://commonslibrary.org/people-with-disability-australian-protest-timeline/ |access-date=March 31, 2024 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> The UN Decade of Disabled Persons (1983–1993) featured a World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons. In 1979, [[Frank Bowe]] was the only person with a disability representing any country in the planning of IYDP-1981. Today, many countries have named representatives who are themselves individuals with disabilities. The decade was closed in an address before the General Assembly by [[Robert Davila]]. Both Bowe and Davila are [[deaf]]. In 1984, [[UNESCO]] accepted [[sign language]] for use in the education of deaf children and youth.

==== Policies in former Soviet Union republics ====
UN programs and OSCE work to align policy and programs in countries that were part of the former Soviet Union with the [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]].<ref name="osceinfsukz">{{cite web |date=November 14, 2019 |title=OSCE supports roundtable discussion on the rights of persons with disabilities in Nur-Sultan |url=https://www.osce.org/programme-office-in-nur-sultan/438833 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073713/https://www.osce.org/programme-office-in-nur-sultan/438833 |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |access-date=December 4, 2020 |website=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe}}</ref>