Editing Enema (section)

==== Americas ====

The [[Olmec]] used trance-inducing substances ceremonially from their middle preclassic period (10th through 7th centuries BCE) through the Spanish Conquest. These were ingested via enemas administered using jars, among other routes.

As further described below in [[#Religious rituals|religious rituals]], the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] in their late classic age (7th through 10th centuries CE) used enemas for, at least, ritual purposes, Mayan sculpture and ceramics from that period depicting scenes in which, injected by syringes made of gourd and clay, ritual hallucinogenic enemas were taken.<ref name=Hallucinogenic_pre-Columbian>{{cite journal |title=Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=42–49 |author=F. J. Carod-Artal |date=2011-07-01 |journal=Neurología |doi=10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.07.010 |pmid=21893367 |doi-access= }}</ref> In the Xibalban court of the God D, whose worship included ritual cult paraphernal, the Maya illustrated the use of a characteristic enema bulb syringe by female attendants administering clysters ritually.<ref>Parsons and Carlson:92</ref><ref name="pmid3528674">{{cite journal |vauthors = de Smet PA, Hellmuth NM |title = A multidisciplinary approach to ritual enema scenes on ancient Maya pottery |journal = J Ethnopharmacol |volume = 16 |issue = 2–3 |pages = 213–62 |year = 1986 |pmid = 3528674 |doi = 10.1016/0378-8741(86)90091-7 }}</ref>

For combating illness and discomfort of the digestive tract, the Mayan also employed enemas, as documented during the colonial period, e.g., in the [[Florentine Codex]].<ref name=Hallucinogenic_pre-Columbian/>

The [[indigenous peoples of the Americas#North America|indigenous peoples of North America]] employed [[tobacco smoke enema]]s to stimulate respiration, injecting the smoke using a rectal tube.<ref>{{Citation |last1 = Hurt |first1 = Raymond |last2 = Barry |first2 = J. E. |last3 = Adams |first3 = A. P. |last4 = Fleming |first4 = P. R. |title = The History of Cardiothoracic Surgery from Early Times |publisher = Informa Health Care |page=120 |year = 1996 |isbn = 978-1850706816 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShLvi_kRQtQC}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |doi = 10.2307/2843888 |last = Nordenskiold |first = Erland |title = The American Indian as an Inventor |jstor = 2843888 |journal = Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |volume = 59 |page=277 |year = 1929}}</ref>

A rubber bag connected with a conical nozzle, at an early period, was in use among the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas#South America|indigenous peoples of South America]]  as an enema syringe,<ref>Friedenwald & Morrison, Part II:261</ref> and the rubber enema bag with a connecting tube and ivory tip remained in use by them; in contrast, in Europe a syringe was still the usual means for conducting an enema.<ref>Friedenwald & Morrison, Part II:240</ref>