Editing Face perception (section)

=== Challenging the cross-race effect ===
Cross-race effects can be changed through interaction with people of other races.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sangrigoli|first1=S.|last2=Pallier|first2=C.|last3=Argenti|first3=A.-M.|last4=Ventureyra|first4=V.&nbsp;a.&nbsp;G.|last5=de&nbsp;Schonen|first5=S.|date=1 June 2005|title=Reversibility of the other-race effect in face recognition during childhood|journal=Psychological Science|volume=16|issue=6|pages=440–4|doi=10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01554.x|pmid=15943669|s2cid=5572690 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02336677/file/SangrigoliPallier_finaldraft.pdf }}</ref> Other-race experience is a major influence on the cross-race effect.<ref name=Walker03>{{Cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=Pamela M|last2=Tanaka|first2=James W|date=1 September 2003|title=An Encoding Advantage for Own-Race versus Other-Race Faces|url=https://doi.org/10.1068/p5098|journal=Perception|language=en|volume=32|issue=9|pages=1117–25|doi=10.1068/p5098|pmid=14651324|s2cid=22723263|issn=0301-0066|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A series of studies revealed that participants with greater other-race experience were consistently more accurate at discriminating other-race faces than participants with less experience.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=Pamela M.|last2=Hewstone|first2=Miles|date=2006|title=A developmental investigation of other-race contact and the own-race face effect|url=https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1348/026151005X51239|journal=British Journal of Developmental Psychology|language=en|volume=24|issue=3|pages=451–463|doi=10.1348/026151005X51239|issn=2044-835X|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Walker03 /> Many current models of the effect assume that holistic face processing mechanisms are more fully engaged when viewing own-race faces.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=de&nbsp;Gutis|first1=Joseph|last2=Mercado|first2=Rogelio J.|last3=Wilmer|first3=Jeremy|last4=Rosenblatt|first4=Andrew|date=10 April 2013|title=Individual differences in holistic processing predict the own-race advantage in recognition memory|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=4|page=e58253|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0058253|pmid=23593119|pmc=3622684|bibcode=2013PLoSO...858253D |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The own-race effect appears related to increased ability to extract information about the spatial relationships between different facial features.<ref>Diamond & Carey, 1986; Rhodes ''et al.''., 1989</ref>

A deficit occurs when viewing people of another race because visual information specifying race takes up mental attention at the expense of individuating information.<ref name="Levin2000">{{cite journal|author=Levin, Daniel T.|title=Race as a visual feature: Using visual search and perceptual discrimination tasks to understand face categories and the cross-race recognition deficit|journal=J Exp Psychol Gen|volume=129|issue=4|pages=559–574|date=December 2000|pmid=11142869|doi=10.1037/0096-3445.129.4.559 }}<br />{{cite journal |vauthors=Senholzi KB, Ito TA |title=Structural face encoding: How task affects the N170's sensitivity to race |journal=Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=937–42 |date=December 2013 |pmid=22956666 |pmc=3831558 |doi=10.1093/scan/nss091 }}</ref> Further research using perceptual tasks could shed light on the specific cognitive processes involved in the other-race effect.<ref name="otherrace" /> The own-race effect likely extends beyond racial membership into [[in-group favoritism]]. Categorizing somebody by the university they attend yields similar results to the own-race effect.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bernstein|first1=Michael J.|last2=Young|first2=Steven G.|last3=Hugenberg|first3=Kurt|title=The Cross-Category Effect: Mere Social Categorization Is Sufficient to Elicit an Own-Group Bias in Face Recognition|journal=Psychological Science|date=August 2007|volume=18|issue=8|pages=706–712|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01964.x|pmid=17680942|s2cid=747276 }}</ref>

Similarly, men tend to recognize fewer female faces than women do, whereas there are no sex differences for male faces.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Rehnman, J.|author2=Herlitz, A.|date=April 2006|title=Higher face recognition ability in girls: Magnified by own-sex and own-ethnicity bias|journal=Memory|volume=14|issue=3|pages=289–296|doi=10.1080/09658210500233581|pmid=16574585|s2cid=46188393}}</ref>

If made aware of the own-race effect prior to the experiment, test subjects show significantly less, if any, of the own-race effect.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hugenberg|first1=Kurt|last2=Miller|first2=Jennifer|last3=Claypool|first3=Heather M.|date=1 March 2007|title=Categorization and individuation in the cross-race recognition deficit: Toward a solution to an insidious problem|journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|volume=43|issue=2|pages=334–340|doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2006.02.010}}</ref>