Editing Fall of Constantinople (section)

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="osmanaras600askeri">{{Cite web |title=İstanbul'un fethinde 600 Türk askeri, Fatih'e karşı savaştı |url=http://www.os-ar.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=24133 |last=<!--Staff writers, no byline--> |website=Osmanlı Arauştırmalarlı |language=tr |trans-title=In the Conquest of Istanbul 600 Turkish Military Fought Against the Conqueror |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415140012/http://www.os-ar.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=24133 |archive-date=15 April 2015 |access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="ealoipolis">{{Cite book |last1=Frantzes |first1=Georgios |last2=Melisseidis (Melisseides) |first2=Ioannis (Ioannes) A. |last3=Zavolea-Melissidi |first3=Pulcheria |date=2004 |publisher=Vergina Asimakopouli Bros. |isbn=960-7171-91-8 |edition=5th |location=Athens |language=el |script-title=el:Εάλω η ΠόλιςΤ•ο χρονικό της άλωσης της Κωνσταντινούπολης: Συνοπτική ιστορία των γεγονότων στην Κωνσταντινούπολη κατά την περίοδο 1440–1453 |trans-title=The City has Fallen: Chronicle of the Fall of Constantinople: Concise History of Events in Constantinople in the Period 1440–1453}}</ref>
<ref name="ospbyzwar6001453">{{Cite book |last=Haldon |first=John |title=Byzantium at War 600–1453 |publisher=Osprey |year=2000 |location=New York}}</ref>
<ref name="WDL">{{Cite web |title=Bosphorus (i.e. Bosporus), View from Kuleli, Constantinople, Turkey |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8836/ |date=1890–1900 |website=[[World Digital Library]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020201630/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8836/ |archive-date=20 October 2013 |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="ThackerayFindling2012">{{Cite book |last1=Frank W. Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRl1sWYShpcC&pg=PA213 |title=Events That Formed the Modern World |last2=John E. Findling |date= 2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-901-1 |page=213 |access-date=13 February 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426014400/https://books.google.com/books?id=BRl1sWYShpcC&pg=PA213 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Norwich1998">{{Cite book |last=John Julius Norwich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9euYeUnGSEC&pg=PT453 |title=A Short History of Byzantium |date= 1998 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-192859-3 |page=453 |quote=Constantine made one last effort: his ambassadors were executed on the spot. |access-date=13 February 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426123706/https://books.google.com/books?id=T9euYeUnGSEC&pg=PT453 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Somerwil-Ayrton2007">{{Cite book |last=Kathie Somerwil-Ayrton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RAtXAAAAYAAJ |title=The Train that Disappeared into History: The Berlin-to-Bagdad Railway and how it Led to the Great War |publisher=Uitgeverij Aspekt |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-5911-573-6 |page=117 |quote=The Byzantine emperor, then Constantine XI, sent his ambassadors in an attempt to conciliate: they were executed on ... |access-date=13 February 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426161607/https://books.google.com/books?id=RAtXAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Roberts1973">{{Cite book |last=John Roberts |url=https://archive.org/details/civilization01robe |title=Civilization: The emergence of man in society |publisher=CRM Books |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/civilization01robe/page/391 391] |isbn=978-0-87665-156-8 |quote=It became obvious that Mehmed's messages of peace were false, when he had the Byzantine ambassador executed. |url-access=registration}}</ref>
<ref name="Brownworth2009">{{Cite book |last=Lars Brownworth |url=https://archive.org/details/losttowestforgot00brow |title=Lost to the West: The Forgotten Byzantine Empire That Rescued Western Civilization |date= 2009 |publisher=Crown |isbn=978-0-307-46241-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/losttowestforgot00brow/page/291 291] |quote=When Constantine sent emissaries to remind Mehmed that he was breaking his oath and to implore him to at least spare the neighboring villages, Mehmed had the ambassadors executed. |url-access=registration}}</ref>
<ref name="pertusicadvol1">{{Cite book |title=La Caduta di Costantinopoli, I: Le testimonianze dei contemporanei. (Scrittori greci e latini) |publisher=Fondazione Lorenzo Valla |year=1976 |editor-last=Pertusi |editor-first=Agostino |volume=I |location=Verona |language=it |trans-title=The Fall of Constantinople, I: The Testimony of the Contemporary Greek and Latin Writers}}</ref>
<ref name="halilosmanimpklas">{{Cite book |last=İnalcıkt |first=Halil |title=Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Çağ (1300–1600) |publisher=Orion |year=2001 |location=London |translator-last=Itzkouritz |translator-first=Norman |trans-title=The Ottoman Empire, The Classical Age, 1300–1600 |translator-last2=Imber |translator-first2=Colin}}</ref>
<ref name="Barbaro">Nicolò Barbaro, ''Giornale dell'Assedio di Costantinopoli'', 1453. The autograph copy is conserved in the [[Biblioteca Marciana]] in Venice. Barbaro's diary has been translated into English by John Melville-Jones (New York: Exposition Press, 1969)</ref>
<ref name="sphrantzchron">{{Cite book |last=Sphrantzes |first=George |language=el |script-title=el:Οικτρός Γεώργιος ο Φραντζής ο και Πρωτοβεσιαρίτης Γρηγόριος τάχα μοναχός ταύτα έγραψεν υπέρ των καθ' αυτών και τινων μερικών γεγονότων εν τώ της αθλίας ζωής αυτε χρόνω |trans-title=The Pitiful George Frantzes Who was Protovestiaros, Now a Monk, Wrote This for the Βetterment of Others and as Recompense for Some Deeds in His Miserable Life, This Chronicle |author-link=George Sphrantzes}}</ref>
<ref name="isbesepistle">{{cite letter |first=Isidorus |last=Rutheniae |recipient=Bisarion |subject=Epistola reverendissimi patris domini Isidori cardinalis Ruteni scripta ad reverendissimum dominum Bisarionem episcopum Tusculanum ac cardinalem Nicenum Bononiaeque legatum [Letter of the Most Reverend Lord Father [[Isidore of Kiev|Isidore of Ruthenia]], Cardinal, Written to the Most Reverend Lord [[Basilios Bessarion|Bessarion]] [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati|Bishop of Tusculum]] and Cardinal of [[Nicaea]] and [[Bologna]]] |language=la |date=6 July 1453}}</ref>
<ref name="LeonardoChio">{{in lang|la}} Leonardo di Chio, ''Letter to [[Pope Nicholas V]]'', dated 16 August 1453, edited by J.-P. Migne, ''[[Patrologia Graeca]]'', 159, 923A–944B.</ref>
<ref name="Ref-1">Leonardo di Chio, ''Letter'',927B: "three hundred thousand and more".</ref>
<ref name="Pusculo">Ubertino Pusculo, ''Constantinopolis'', 1464</ref>
<ref name="Steele">{{Cite book |last=Steele |first=Brett D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aBapOB93lE0C&pg=PA106 |title=The Heirs of Archimedes: Science and the Art of War Through the Age of Enlightenment |date=2005 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-19516-4 |page=106 |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063603/https://books.google.com/books?id=aBapOB93lE0C&pg=PA106 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Hammer">{{Cite book |last=Hammer |first=Paul E. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugkkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT511 |title=Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660 |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-87376-5 |page=511 |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229115139/https://books.google.com/books?id=ugkkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT511 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="29maiouiefemerida">{{Cite web |title=29 Μαϊου 1453: Όταν "η Πόλις εάλω.... |url=http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/52795/29-%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BF%CF%85-1453-%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD-%C2%AB%CE%B7-%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82-%CE%B5%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%89%C2%BB |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=29 May 2012 |website=iefemerida.com |language=el |trans-title=29 May 1453: When the City Fell... |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525102233/http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/52795/29-%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BF%CF%85-1453-%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD-%C2%AB%CE%B7-%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82-%CE%B5%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%89%C2%BB |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Byzantines in Renaissance Italy">{{Cite web |title=Byzantines in Renaissance Italy |url=http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/late/laterbyz/harris-ren.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030930225420/http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/late/laterbyz/harris-ren.html |archive-date=30 September 2003 |access-date=10 April 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="nasakuwae">{{Cite press release |title=#1543 |publisher=Public Information Office, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/93/release_1993_1543.html |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214073610/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/93/release_1993_1543.html |archive-date=14 December 2016 |place=Pasadena, California |year=1993}}</ref>
<ref name="hatzfallhec">{{Cite web |title=Fall of Constantinople, 1453 |url=http://www.greece.org/romiosini/fall.html |last=Hatzopoulos |first=Dionysios |publisher=Hellenic Electronic Center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304151602/http://www.greece.org/Romiosini/fall.html |archive-date=4 March 2009 |access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="istanbulunadlari">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=İstanbul'un adları |encyclopedia=Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi |publisher=Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı |last=Sakaoğlu |first=Necdet |date=1993–1994 |language=tr |trans-title=The names of Istanbul |place=Istanbul}}</ref>
<ref name="GpAG8">{{Cite web |title=The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-155920054.html |last=Foster |first=Charles |date=22 September 2006 |website=Contemporary Review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611074715/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-155920054.html |archive-date=11 June 2009 |quote=It is the end of the Middle Ages}}</ref>
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<ref name="rCeS6">{{Cite web |title=The Black Death |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/a-b/blackdeath.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625094232/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/a-b/blackdeath.html |archive-date=25 June 2008 |access-date=13 August 2008}}, Channel 4 – History.</ref>
<ref name="sQMpP">Leonardo di Chio, ''Letter'', 930C.</ref>
<ref name="q6rsq">{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Paul |title=100 Decisive Battles |publisher=Oxford |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-514366-9 |page=166}}</ref>
<ref name="bZgqW">{{Cite news |title=The fall of Constantinople |url=http://www.economist.com/node/346800?story_id=346800 |date=23 December 1999 |newspaper=The Economist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604214149/http://www.economist.com/node/346800?story_id=346800 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=11 December 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="MoRBA">{{harvp|Crowley|2005|pp=150–154}}</ref>
<ref name="JRaLV">From Jean Chartier, ''Chronicle of Charles VII, king of France'', MS Bnf Français 2691, f. 246v [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9007428x/f304.item.zoom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417173235/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9007428x/f304.item.zoom |date=17 April 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="TQ2Lp">{{harvp|Crowley|2005|pp=168–171}}</ref>
<ref name="mCj01">Smith, Michael Llewellyn, ''The Fall of Constantinople'', History Makers magazine No. 5, Marshall Cavendish, Sidgwick & Jackson (London).</ref>
<ref name="hRhtW">{{Cite magazine |last=Smith |first=Cyril J. |year=1974 |title=History of Rape and Rape Laws |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/wolj60&div=31&id=&page= |magazine=Women Law Journal |issue=60 |page=188 |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426103547/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fwolj60&div=31&id=&page= |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="aMn4U">{{Cite book |last=Braude |first=Benjamin |title=Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire |publisher=Holmes & Meier |year=1982 |isbn=0-8419-0519-3 |editor-last=Braude |editor-first=Benjamin |volume=1 |location=New York |pages=69–90 |chapter=Foundation Myths of the Millet System |editor-last2=Lewis |editor-first2=Bernard}}</ref>
<ref name="AIhgF">{{Cite book |last=Masters |first=Bruce |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaotto00agos |url-access=limited |date=2009 |editor-last=Ágoston |editor-first=Gábor |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaotto00agos/page/n421 383]–384 |chapter=Millet |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1 |editor-last2=Bruce Masters}}</ref>
<ref name="NqTxI">{{Cite journal |last=Volf |author-link=Miroslav Volf |first=Miroslav |year=2010 |title=Body counts: the dark side of Christian history |url=https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2010-04/body-counts |journal=The Christian Century |volume=127 |issue=Journal Article |pages=11– |issn=0009-5281 |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727002852/https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2010-04/body-counts |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="nsxzN">Lowry, Heath W. (2003). ''The Nature of the Early Ottoman State''. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 115–116.</ref>
<ref name="Mw3eQ">N. G. Wilson, ''From Byzantium to Italy. Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance'', London, 1992. {{ISBN|0-7156-2418-0}}</ref>
<ref name="J2i2B">{{Cite web |title=John Argyropoulos |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34066/John-Argyropoulos |publisher=britannica.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426183636/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34066/John-Argyropoulos |archive-date=26 April 2008 |access-date=2 October 2009}}</ref>
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<ref name="L0Kni">{{Cite book |last1=Guillermier |first1=Pierre |url=https://archive.org/details/totaleclipsessci0000guil |title=Total Eclipses: Science, Observations, Myths, and Legends |last2=Koutchmy |first2=Serge |publisher=Springer |year=1999 |isbn=1-85233-160-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/totaleclipsessci0000guil/page/85 85] |access-date=27 February 2008 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
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<ref name="ZooPt">Robinson, Richard D. (1965). ''The First Turkish Republic: A Case Study in National Development''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</ref>
<ref name="DwbQb">Room, Adrian, (1993), ''Place Name changes 1900–1991'', (Metuchen, NJ, & London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.), {{ISBN|0-8108-2600-3}} pp. 46, 86.</ref>
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<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Hyslop |first1=Stephen Garrison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KK2TikRZJpsC |title=Great Empires: An Illustrated Atlas |last2=Daniels |first2=Patricia |last3=Society (U.S.) |first3=National Geographic |date=2011 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=978-1-4262-0829-4 |page=284 |language=en |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801115148/https://books.google.com/books?id=KK2TikRZJpsC |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Angold">[[Michael Angold]], ''The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans: Context and Consequences'' (Routledge, 2012), pp. 150–152, 163.</ref>
}}

===Books===
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em|indent=yes}}
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* {{cite book |last=Akbar |first=M. J. |title=The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_iBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-45259-0 |access-date=6 August 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012040247/https://books.google.com/books?id=d_iBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Thomas |title=The Renaissance at War |publisher=Cassell & Co. |year=2001 |isbn=0-304-35270-5}}
<!-- B -->
* {{cite book |last1=Beg |first1=Tursun |translator1-last=Inalcik |translator1-first=Halil |translator2-last=Murphey |translator2-first=Rhoads |title=The History of Mehmed the Conqueror |date=1978 |publisher=Biblioteca Islamica |location=Chicago}}
<!-- C -->
* {{cite book |last1=Concasty |first1=Marie-Louise |title=Les 'Informations' de Jacques Tedaldi sur le siège et la prise de Constantinople |date=1955 |oclc=459382832 |language=fr}}
* {{cite book |last=Crowley |first=Roger |year=2005 |title=1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West |publisher=Hyperion |isbn=978-1-4013-0558-1}}
** {{Cite book |last=Crowley |first=Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVdrAwAAQBAJ |title=1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West |year=2013b |publisher=Hachette Books |isbn=978-1-4013-0558-1 |access-date=1 August 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210182601/https://books.google.com/books?id=eVdrAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Crowley |first1=Roger |title=Constantinople |date=2013a |publisher=Faber & Faber |isbn=978-0-571-29820-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XuskQEACAAJ |access-date=2 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106131956/https://books.google.com/books?id=3XuskQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
<!-- D -->
* {{Cite book |last=Desimoni |first=C. |title=Adamo di Montaldo |year=1874 |series=Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria (Proceedings of the Ligurian Society for Homeland History) |volume=X |location=Genoa |language=it}}
* {{cite book |last1=Durant |first1=Will |title=The Reformation: The Story of Civilization, Volume VI |date=2011 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-4763-1 |language=en}}
<!-- E -->
* {{cite book |last1=Emecen |first1=Feridun M. |title=Fetih ve kıyamet, 1453: İstanbul'un fethi ve kıyamet senaryoları |date=2012 |publisher=Timaş |location=İstanbul |isbn=9786051149318}}
<!-- F -->
<!-- G -->
<!-- H -->
<!-- I -->
<!-- J -->
<!-- K -->
* {{Cite book |last=Kritovoulos |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2aHDwAAQBAJ |title=History of Mehmed the Conqueror |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1954 |isbn=978-0-691-19790-6 |location=Princeton, NJ |translator-last=Riggs |translator-first=C. T. |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801131219/https://books.google.com/books?id=V2aHDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
<!-- L -->
* {{Cite book |last=Lanning |first=Michael Lee |title=The Battle 100: The Stories Behind History's Most Influential Battles |publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc. |year=2005 |isbn=1-4022-2475-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lilie |first=Ralph-Johannes |title=Bisanzio la seconda Roma |year=2005 |publisher=Newton Compton |location=Rome}}
<!-- M -->
* {{Cite book |last=Mango |first=Cyril |title=The Oxford History of Byzantium |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last1=Melissenos |first1=Makarios |editor1-last=Philippides |editor1-first=Marios |title=The Fall of the Byzantine Empire, A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes, 1401–1477 |date=1980 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |location=Amherst |chapter=The Chronicle of the Siege of Constantinople, April 2 to May 29, 1453}}
* {{cite book |last1=Melville-Jones |first1=John R. |title=The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts |date=1972 |publisher=Adolf M. Hakkert |location=Amsterdam |isbn=90-256-0626-1}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Nicol |first=Donald M. |title=The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC&pg=PA388 |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=2nd |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-43991-6 |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003234154/https://books.google.com/books?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC&pg=PA388 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Nicol |first=Donald M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnSmnmL984YC |title=The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89409-8 |language=en |access-date=9 January 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702192603/https://books.google.com/books?id=lnSmnmL984YC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Nicolle |first=David |title=Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium (Campaign) |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |year=2000 |isbn=1-84176-091-9 |volume=78 |location=Oxford |author-link=David Nicolle}}
* {{Cite book |last=Norwich |first=John Julius |title=Byzantium: The Decline and Fall |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1995 |isbn=0-679-41650-1 |location=New York |author-link=John Julius Norwich}}
* {{Cite book |last=Norwich |first=John Julius |title=A Short History of Byzantium |publisher=Vintage Books |year=1997 |location=New York}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Philippides |first1=Marios |last2=Hanak |first2=Walter K. |title=The siege and the fall of Constantinople in 1453 |date=2011 |publisher=Ashgate |location=Farnham Burlington, Vermont |isbn=9781409410645}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Reinert |first=Stephen |title=The Oxford History of Byzantium |publisher=Oxford UP |year=2002 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Runciman |first=Steven |title=The Fall of Constantinople, 1453 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1965 |isbn=978-0-521-39832-9 |edition=Canto |location=Cambridge, England |author-link=Steven Runciman}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Setton |first=Kenneth M. |title=The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571): The Fifteenth Century |publisher=DJane Publishing |year=1978 |isbn=0-87169-127-2 |volume=2 |author-link=Kenneth Setton}}
* {{cite book |last=Sphrantzes |first=George |translator-last1=Philippides |translator-first1=Marios |title=The fall of the Byzantine Empire: a chronicle |date=1980 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |location=Amherst |isbn=978-0-87023-290-9}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Spilling |editor-first=Michael |title=Battles That Changed History: Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations |location=London |publisher=Amber Books Ltd. |year=2010 |isbn=9781906842123}}

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* {{Cite book |last=Vasiliev |first=Alexander |title=A History of the Byzantine Empire, Vol. II |date=1928 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |volume=II |location=Madison |translator-last=Ragozin |translator-first=S.}}
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{{refend}}

===Journal articles===
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Buc |first1=Philippe |title=One among many renegades: the Serb janissary Konstantin Mihailović and the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans |journal=Journal of Medieval History |date=14 March 2020 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=217–230 |doi=10.1080/03044181.2020.1719188 |s2cid=214527543 |issn=0304-4181 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ivanović |first1=Miloš |title=Militarization of the Serbian State under Ottoman Pressure |journal=The Hungarian Historical Review |date=2019 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=390–410 |doi= |jstor=26902328 |issn=2063-8647}}
{{refend}}

===Websites===
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite web |last=Giardinetto |first=Armando |url=https://www.ilsaltodellaquaglia.com/2022/05/29/29-maggio-1453-una-cronaca-della-caduta-di-costantinopoli/ |title=29 maggio 1453 – Una cronaca della caduta di Costantinopoli |work=Il Salto della Quaglia |date=29 May 2022 |access-date=17 May 2023 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517105446/https://www.ilsaltodellaquaglia.com/2022/05/29/29-maggio-1453-una-cronaca-della-caduta-di-costantinopoli/ |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}