Editing French protectorate in Morocco (section)

===Revolution of the King and the People===
{{Main|Revolution of the King and the People}}

==== Glaoui's attempted coup ====
In 1953, [[Thami El Glaoui]] attempted to orchestrate a coup against Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Muhammad V]] with the support of the French protectorate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=البطيوي |first=توفيق |title=التهامي الكلاوي.. صفحة سوداء في تاريخ المغرب الحديث |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/blogs/2018/5/8/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%8a-%d8%b5%d9%81%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.aljazeera.net |language=ar |quote=في التاسع عشر من ماي 1953 أصدر الباشا الكلاوي بيانا معلنا فيه صداقته وإخلاصه للحماية الفرنسية مطالبا إياها بإبعاد السلطان محمد الخامس}}</ref> The [[1953 Oujda revolt]] broke out ten days after his "electoral" campaign passed through the city.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=1954-11-30 |title=Quatre-vingt-seize Marocains poursuivis pour participation à la « tuerie d'Oujda », qui fit trente morts le 16 août 1953, passent en jugement |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1954/11/30/quatre-vingt-seize-marocains-poursuivis-pour-participation-a-la-tuerie-qui-fit-le-16-aout-1953-trente-morts-a-oujda-passent-en-jugement_2026822_1819218.html |access-date=2022-09-28}}</ref>

====Exile of Sultan Muhammad====
The general sympathy of the sultan for the nationalists had become evident by the end of the war, although he still hoped to see complete independence achieved gradually. By contrast, the residency, supported by French economic interests and vigorously backed by most of the colonists, adamantly refused to consider even reforms short of independence. Official intransigence contributed to increased animosity between the nationalists and the colonists and gradually widened the split between the sultan and the resident general.

Muhammad V and his family were transferred to [[Madagascar]] in January 1954. His replacement by the unpopular [[Mohammed Ben Aarafa]], whose reign was perceived as illegitimate, sparked active opposition to the French protectorate both from nationalists and those who saw the sultan as a religious leader.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6HKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA558|title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|last=Lentz|first=Harris M.|date=4 February 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134264902|pages=558|language=en}}</ref> By 1955, Ben Aarafa was pressured to abdicate. Consequently, Ben Aarafa fled to Tangier where he formally abdicated.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=La9hCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|title=North Africa (RLE Economy of the Middle East): Contemporary Politics and Economic Development|last1=Lawless|first1=Richard I.|last2=Findlay|first2=Allan|date=15 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317592983|pages=67|language=en}}</ref>

The French executed 6 Moroccan nationalists in Casablanca on 4 January 1955.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/francemorocco-1930-1956/|title=6. French Morocco (1912–1956)|website=uca.edu|language=en-US|access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref> The aggressions between the colonists and the nationalists increased from 19 August – 5 November 1955, and approximately 1,000 people died<ref name=":5" />

Facing a united Moroccan demand for the sultan’s return, a rising violence in Morocco, as well as the deteriorating situation in Algeria, Muhammad V returned from exile on 16 November 1955, and declared independence on 18 November 1955. In February 1956 he successfully negotiated with France to enforce the independence of Morocco, and in 1957 took the title of King.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

====1956 independence====
In late 1955, Muhammad V successfully negotiated the gradual restoration of Moroccan independence within a framework of French-Moroccan interdependence. Further negotiations for full independence culminated in the French-Moroccan Agreement signed in [[Paris]] on 2 March 1956.<ref>{{cite web|title=Déclaration commune|url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/traites/affichetraite.do?accord=TRA19560034|date=2 March 1956|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France)]]|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=19 March 1956|title=French-Moroccan Declaration|url=https://archive.org/stream/departmentofstat341956unit_0#page/466/mode/1up|journal=Department of State Bulletin|publisher=Department of State|volume=XXXIV|issue=873|pages=466{{endash}}467}} (unofficial translation)</ref>

However, provisions in the ''protocole annexe'' of the March agreement as well the Cooperation Agreement of 28 May 1956, which stipulated among other things that each country should refrain from adopting policies that were incompatible with the interests of the other, constituted an impediment to full independence,<ref>Essemlali p. 2</ref> as was the right of France to maintain troops in Morocco during a transitional period of unspecified duration. The outspoken support of the Moroccans and Muhammad V for Algerian independence brought about the rapid collapse of these agreements and the worsening of Franco-Moroccan relations, especially after the Meknès riots of 23–28 November 1956 in the course of which several hundred Moroccans and more than 50 Europeans were killed.<ref>Essemlali p. 13, 19-21</ref> From a high of 350,000 in 1955, the number of European settlers dropped to 150,549 in 1963, and 25,343 in 1990.<ref>Pellegrini p. 5, 6.</ref> French-ownership of agricultural land was gradually eliminated following the nationalization decrees of 1959, 1963 and 1973.<ref>Pellegrini p. 8.</ref> Following unrelenting diplomatic pressure by Morocco, the last French troops were finally withdrawn 1 November 1961.<ref>Aouchar p. 22.</ref>

The internationalized city of [[Tangier]] was reintegrated with the signing of the [[Tangier Protocol]] on 29 October 1956.<ref>{{cite web|title=Final Declaration of the International Conference in Tangier and annexed Protocol. Signed at Tangier, on 29 October 1956 [1957] UNTSer 130; 263 UNTS 165 |url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/treaties/UNTSer/1957/130.html|date=1956}}</ref> The abolition of the Spanish protectorate and the recognition of Moroccan independence by Spain were negotiated separately and made final in the Joint Declaration of 7 April 1956.<ref>{{cite journal |date=23 April 1956|title=Spanish-Moroccan Declaration|url=https://archive.org/stream/departmentofstat341956unit_0#page/667/mode/1up|journal=Department of State Bulletin|publisher=Department of State|volume=XXXIV|issue=878|pages=667{{endash}}668}} (unofficial translation)</ref> Through these agreements with Spain in 1956 and 1958, Moroccan control over certain Spanish-ruled areas was restored, though attempts to claim other Spanish possessions through [[Ifni War|military action]] were less successful.

In the months that followed independence, Muhammad V proceeded to build a modern governmental structure under a [[constitutional monarchy]] in which the sultan would exercise an active political role. He acted cautiously, having no intention of permitting more radical elements in the nationalist movement to overthrow the established order. He was also intent on preventing the Istiqlal Party from consolidating its control and establishing a [[one-party state]]. In August 1957, Muhammad V assumed the title of king.