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GSK-3
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===Naproxen and Cromolyn=== Naproxen is a [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] while cromolyn is an [[anti-allergic agent]] which acts as a [[mast cell]] stabilizer. Both drugs have demonstrated the anticancer effect in addition to hypoglycemic effect due to inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). To validate the anti-GSK-3β hypothesis of naproxen and cromolyn, docking of the two structures against GSK-3β binding pocket and comparing their fitting with known GSK-3β inhibitor ARA014418 was performed, in addition to measuring the serum glucose, serum insulin, serum C-peptide, weight variation and hepatic glycogen levels for normal and diabetic fasting animal's models to assess their in vitro hypoglycemic effects.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} Naproxen and cromolyn were successfully docked into the binding site of GSK-3β (both were fitted into its binding pocket). They exhibited electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen-bonding interactions with key amino acids within the [[binding pocket]] with binding interaction profiles similar to AR-A014418 (the known inhibitor). The negative charges of the carboxylic acid groups in both drugs interact electrostatically with the positively charged guanidine group of Arg141. Moreover, the hydrogen bonding interactions between carboxylic acid moieties of cromolyn and the ammonium groups of Lys183 and Lys60, in addition to π-stacking of the naphthalene ring system of naproxen with the phenolic ring of Tyr134. Antidiabetic effects of naproxen and cromolyn: In normal animal models, both drugs have shown dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels and rise in glycogen levels. In chronic type II diabetic model, glucose levels were also reduced, and glycogen level and insulin levels were elevated in a dose-dependent manner with a reduction in plasma glucose.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} Anti-obesity effects of naproxen and cromolyn: Both drugs showed significant anti-obesity effects as they reduce body weight, resistin, and glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner. They were also found to elevate [[adiponectin]], insulin, and C-peptide levels in a dose-dependent manner.<ref name=pmid23784744>{{cite journal | vauthors = Motawi TM, Bustanji Y, El-Maraghy SA, Taha MO, Al Ghussein MA | title = Naproxen and cromolyn as new glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors for amelioration of diabetes and obesity: an investigation by docking simulation and subsequent in vitro/in vivo biochemical evaluation | journal = Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology | volume = 27 | issue = 9 | pages = 425–436 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23784744 | doi = 10.1002/jbt.21503 | s2cid = 46597394 }}</ref>
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