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Grunge
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==Role of women== {{see also|Women in rock}} [[File:L7 band live.jpg|thumb|[[L7 (band)|L7]] performing in [[Paris]], June 2015]] Many [[All-female band|all-female]] or woman-led bands are associated with grunge including [[L7 (band)|L7]], [[Lunachicks]], [[Dickless]], [[7 Year Bitch]], [[the Gits]], [[Courtney Love]]'s band [[Hole (band)|Hole]], and [[Babes in Toyland (band)|Babes in Toyland]]. VH1 writer Dan Tucker described L7 as an "all-female grunge band [that] emanated from the fertile L.A. underground scene and [which] had strong ties with ... [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]] and could match any male band in attitude and volume."<ref name="Tucker" /> Grunge was also closely linked with [[Riot Grrrl]], an underground [[feminist]] [[punk rock|punk]] movement.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/aug/24/grunge-myths-nirvana-kurt-cobain|title=Ten myths about grunge, Nirvana and Kurt Cobain |last=True |first=Everett |date= August 24, 2011|newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=January 29, 2017 }}</ref> Riot Grrrl pioneer and [[Bikini Kill]] frontwoman [[Kathleen Hanna]] was the source for the name of Nirvana's 1991 breakthrough single, "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]", a reference to a [[Teen Spirit (deodorant)|deodorant]] marketed specifically to young women.<ref>Azerrad, Michael. ''Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana''. Doubleday, 1994. {{ISBN|0-385-47199-8}}, pp. 211β212</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWO4JnP2T40 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/xWO4JnP2T40| archive-date=2021-10-29|title=A performance at Joes Pub in NYC, where Hanna tells the story of "Smells Like Teen Spirit" |publisher=Youtube.com |date=December 15, 2010 |access-date=June 27, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Notable women instrumentalists include the bassists [[D'arcy Wretzky]] and [[Melissa Auf der Maur]] from [[the Smashing Pumpkins]], and drummers [[Patty Schemel]] of [[Hole (band)|Hole]] and [[Lori Barbero]] of [[Babes in Toyland (band)|Babes in Toyland]].<ref name="90srock.about.com">{{cite web|url=http://90srock.about.com/od/top-picks/tp/The-Greatest-Drummers-of-the-90s.htm|title=The 10 Greatest Drummers of the '90s|access-date=January 18, 2018|archive-date=February 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031618/http://90srock.about.com/od/top-picks/tp/The-Greatest-Drummers-of-the-90s.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The inclusion of women instrumentalists in grunge is notable, because professional [[Women in music#Popular music|women instrumentalists]] are uncommon in most rock genres.<ref>Julian Schaap and Pauwke Berkers. "Grunting Alone? Online Gender Inequality in Extreme Metal Music" in ''IASPM Journal''. Vol.4, no.1 (2014) p. 101-102</ref> [[Bam Bam (Seattle band)|Bam Bam]],<ref name="bam bam">{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Jade Yamazaki |date=July 8, 2021 |title=Before Nirvana or Pearl Jam, there was Tina Bell, the godmother of grunge. Musicians pay tribute in upcoming concert |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/music/before-nirvana-or-pearl-jam-there-was-tina-bell-the-black-godmother-of-grunge-musicians-pay-tribute-in-upcoming-concert/ |website=The Seattle Times}}</ref> formed in Seattle in 1983, was fronted by an African American woman named [[Tina Bell]], breaking the norm of what was predominantly a White dominated scene.<ref name="AS">{{Cite web |last=Uitti |first=Jacob |date=September 8, 2021 |title=Did Tina Bell Help Invent Grunge? |url=https://americansongwriter.com/did-tina-bell-help-invent-grunge/ |website=American Songwriter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pleasekillme.com/bam-bam-tina-bell/|title=Tina Bell's Hidden Legacy: The Black Woman Who Created the Sound of Grunge|date=September 3, 2020}}</ref><ref name="cbs news">{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2021 |title=African American woman who led a grunge forerunner gets her moment of long-overdue recognition |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/video/african-american-woman-who-led-a-grunge-forerunner-gets-her-moment-of-long-overdue-recognition/ |website=CBS News}}</ref> Bam Bam also included future [[Soundgarden]] and [[Pearl Jam]] drummer [[Matt Cameron]].<ref name="bam bam"/> [[Kurt Cobain]] was a roadie for Bam Bam before he was famous; he was also a fan of the band.<ref name="bam bam"/> Bell died in 2012. Observers have speculated that the lack of recognition in her lifetime as one of the progenitors of grunge music was due to sexism and racism.<ref name="bam bam"/><ref name="AS"/><ref name="cbs news"/> Women also played active non-musician roles in the underground grunge scene, such as riot grrrls who produced [[zines]] about grunge bands and indie record labels (e.g., ''Grunge Gerl #1'') and writer Dawn Anderson of the Seattle fanzine ''Backlash'' which supported many local bands before they achieved greater fame.<ref name="Hype" /> Tina Casale was the co-founder of [[C/Z Records]] in the 1980s (along with Chris Hanzsek), a Seattle indie label that released the seminal grunge compilation ''[[Deep Six (album)|Deep Six]]'' in 1986. [[Susan Silver]] was the first female manager of the Seattle music scene. She started her career in 1983 and managed several bands such as [[the U-Men]], [[Soundgarden]], [[Alice in Chains]] and [[Screaming Trees]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.stargate.net/soundgarden/misc/ssilver.shtml |title=Susan Silver |work=Stargate |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602235157/http://web.stargate.net/soundgarden/misc/ssilver.shtml |archive-date=June 2, 2017 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 1991, ''[[The Seattle Times]]'' called Silver "the most powerful figure in local rock management".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19910106/1259221/faces-to-watch-in-91 |title=Faces To Watch In '91 -- A Look At Up-And-Comers Who Will Be Helping To Shape The Arts This Year |work=The Seattle Times |date=January 6, 1991 |access-date=October 8, 2021 |archive-date=June 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603104210/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19910106&slug=1259221 |url-status=live }}</ref> Silver was also an advisor for [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]. [[Kurt Cobain]] and bassist [[Krist Novoselic]] consulted Silver for advice when they were not satisfied with Sub Pop's lack of promotion for their debut album, ''[[Bleach (Nirvana album)|Bleach]]''. Silver looked at their contract with the label and told them they needed a lawyer. Silver then introduced them to agent Don Muller and music business attorney Alan Mintz, who started sending out Nirvana's demo tape to major labels looking for deals. The band ended up choosing [[DGC Records|DGC]] and the label released their breakthrough album ''[[Nevermind (album)|Nevermind]]'' in 1991.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=byoPYMdJ150C&pg=PA191 |title=Nirvana: The Biography |first=Everett |last=True |publisher=Da Capo Press |pages=191β192 |date=March 13, 2007|isbn=9780786733903 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Charles R.|last=Cross|author-link=Charles R. Cross|title=Heavier Than Heaven|publisher=[[Hachette Books|Hyperion Books]]|location=New York City|date=August 15, 2001|isbn=0-7868-6505-9 |pages=486β488}}</ref> When Nirvana was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in 2014, Novoselic thanked Silver during his speech for "introducing them to the music industry properly".<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/read-nirvanas-rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-acceptance-speech-242181/ |title=Read Nirvana's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Acceptance Speech |date=April 11, 2014 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref>
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