Editing Homosexual behavior in animals (section)

====Bats====
[[File:Homosexual-Fellatio-Erect-Penis-Licking-between-Male-Bonin-Flying-Foxes-Pteropus-pselaphon-pone.0166024.s002.ogv|thumb|Two male [[Bonin flying fox]]es (''Pteropus pselaphon'') performing [[fellatio]] on each other<ref name="Sugita2016"/>]]

More than 20 species of bat have been documented to engage in homosexual behavior.<ref name="Riccucci2011"/><ref name="Sugita2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sugita N | title = Homosexual Fellatio: Erect Penis Licking between Male Bonin Flying Foxes Pteropus pselaphon | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 11 | issue = 11 | pages = e0166024 | date = Nov 2016 | pmid = 27824953 | pmc = 5100941 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0166024 | bibcode = 2016PLoSO..1166024S | doi-access = free }}</ref> Bat species that have been observed engaging in homosexual behavior in the wild include:<ref name="Riccucci2011"/>
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* the [[grey-headed flying fox]] (''Pteropus poliocephalus'')
* the [[Bonin flying fox]] (''Pteropus pselaphon'')<ref name="Sugita2016"/>
* the [[Indian flying fox]] (''Pteropus giganteus'')
* [[Rafinesque's big-eared bat]] (''Corynorhinus rafinesquii'')
* the [[common bent-wing bat]] (''Miniopterus schreibersii'')
* the [[serotine bat]] (''Eptesicus serotinus'')
* [[Bechstein's bat]] (''Myotis bechsteinii'')
* the [[long-fingered bat]] (''Myotis capaccinii'')
* [[Daubenton's bat]] (''Myotis daubentonii'')
* the  [[little brown bat]] (''Myotis lucifugus'')
* the [[greater mouse-eared bat]] (''Myotis myotis'')
* the [[whiskered bat]] (''Myotis mystacinus'')
* [[Natterer's bat]] (''Myotis nattereri'')
* the [[common noctule]] (''Nyctalus noctula'')
* [[Leisler's bat]] (''Nyctalus leisleri'')
* the [[common pipistrelle]] (''Pipistrellus pipistrellus'')
* the [[brown long-eared bat]] (''Plecotus auritus'')
* the [[barbastelle]] (''Barbastella barbastellus'')
* the [[greater horseshoe bat]] (''Rhinolophus ferrumequinum'')
* the [[lesser horseshoe bat]] (''Rhinolophus hipposideros'')}}

Bat species that have been observed engaging in homosexual behavior in captivity include the [[Livingstone's fruit bat|Comoro flying fox]] (''Pteropus livingstonii''), the [[Rodrigues flying fox]] (''Pteropus rodricensis'') and the [[common vampire bat]] (''Desmodus rotundus'').<ref name="Riccucci2011"/>

Homosexual behavior in bats has been categorized into 6 groups: mutual homosexual grooming and licking, homosexual masturbation, homosexual play, homosexual mounting, coercive sex, and cross-species homosexual sex.<ref name="Riccucci2011"/><ref name="Sugita2016"/>

In the wild, the [[grey-headed flying fox]] (''Pteropus poliocephalus'') engages in [[Social grooming|allogrooming]] wherein one partner licks and gently bites the chest and wing membrane of the other partner. Both sexes display this form of mutual homosexual grooming and it is more common in males. Males often have erect penises while they are mutually grooming each other. Like opposite-sex grooming partners, same-sex grooming partners continuously utter a "pre-copulation call", which is described as a "pulsed grating call", while engaged in this activity.<ref name="Riccucci2011"/><ref name="Sugita2016"/>

In wild [[Bonin flying fox]]es (''Pteropus pselaphon''), males perform fellatio or 'male-male genital licking' on other males. Male–male genital licking events occur repeatedly several times in the same pair, and reciprocal genital licking also occurs. The male-male genital licking in these bats is considered a sexual behavior. Allogrooming in Bonin flying foxes has never been observed, hence the male-male genital licking in this species does not seem to be a byproduct of allogrooming, but rather a behavior of directly licking the male genital area, independent of allogrooming.<ref name="Sugita2016"/> In captivity, same-sex genital licking has been observed among males of the [[Livingstone's fruit bat|Comoro flying fox]] (''Pteropus livingstonii'') as well as among males of the [[common vampire bat]] (''Desmodus rotundus'').<ref name="Riccucci2011"/><ref name="Sugita2016"/>

In wild [[Indian flying fox]]es (''Pteropus giganteus''), males often mount one another, with erections and thrusting, while play-wrestling.<ref name="Riccucci2011"/> Males of the [[long-fingered bat]] (''Myotis capaccinii'') have been observed in the same position of male-female mounting, with one gripping the back of the other's fur. A similar behavior was also observed in the [[common bent-wing bat]] (''Miniopterus schreibersii'').<ref name="Riccucci2011"/>

In wild [[little brown bat]]s (''Myotis lucifugus''), males often mount other males (and females) during late autumn and winter, when many of the mounted individuals are [[torpor|torpid]].<ref name="Riccucci2011"/> 35% of matings during this period are homosexual.<ref name="Myotis lucifugusADW">{{cite journal| vauthors = Havens A |editor1-last=Dewey|editor1-first=Tanya|editor2-last=Shefferly|editor2-first=Nancy|title=Myotis lucifugus|journal=Animal Diversity Web|date=2006|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Myotis_lucifugus/}}</ref> These coercive copulations usually include ejaculation and the mounted bat often makes a typical copulation call consisting of a long squawk.<ref name="Riccucci2011"/> Similarly, in [[Hibernaculum (zoology)|hibernacula]] of the [[common noctule]] (''Nyctalus noctula''), active males were observed to wake up from lethargy on a warm day and engage in mating with lethargic males and (active or lethargic) females. The lethargic males, like females, called out loudly and presented their buccal glands with opened mouth during copulation.<ref name="Riccucci2011"/>

Vesey-Fitzgerald (1949) observed homosexual behaviours in all 12 British bat species known at the time: "Homosexuality is common in the spring in all species, and, since the males are in full possession of their powers, I suspect throughout the summer...I have even seen homosexuality between [[Natterer's bat|Natterer's]] and [[Daubenton's bat]]s (''Myotis nattereri'' and ''M. daubentonii'')."<ref name="Riccucci2011"/>