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====Australia==== {{see also|Indigenous Australian#Substance abuse}} [[File:Gasoline for Sale in Phuket (5730235828).jpg|thumb|right|Gasoline (also known as petrol) is used as an inhalant in impoverished communities.]] Australia has long faced a petrol (gasoline) sniffing problem in isolated and impoverished [[Australian Aborigines|aboriginal]] communities. Although some sources argue that sniffing was introduced by United States [[soldier|servicemen]] stationed in the nation's [[Top End]] during [[World War II]]<ref>{{cite web | last = Wortley | first = R. P. | title = Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights (Regulated Substances) Amendment Bill | work = Hansard β Legislative Council (South Australia) |date= 29 August 2006 | url = http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/SAN/Attachments/Hansard/2006/LC/WH290806.LC.htm | access-date = 27 December 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121901/http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/SAN/Attachments/Hansard/2006/LC/WH290806.LC.htm |archive-date = 29 September 2007}}</ref> or through experimentation by 1940s-era [[Cobourg Peninsula]] sawmill workers,<ref>{{cite web |last = Brady |first = Maggie |title = Community Affairs Reference Committee Reference: Petrol sniffing in remote Aboriginal communities |page = 11 |work = Official Committee Hansard (Senate) |date = 27 April 2006 |url = http://www.aph.gov.au/hansard/senate/commttee/S9271.pdf |access-date = 20 March 2006 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060912011023/http://www.aph.gov.au/hansard/senate/commttee/S9271.pdf |archive-date = 12 September 2006 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> other sources claim that inhalant abuse (such as glue inhalation) emerged in Australia in the late 1960s.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Chronic, heavy petrol sniffing appears to occur among remote, impoverished [[indigenous Australians|indigenous]] communities, where the ready accessibility of petrol has helped to make it a common addictive substance. In Australia, petrol sniffing now occurs widely throughout remote Aboriginal communities in the [[Northern Territory]], [[Western Australia]], northern parts of [[South Australia]], and [[Queensland]]. The number of people sniffing petrol goes up and down over time as young people experiment or sniff occasionally. "Boss", or chronic, sniffers may move in and out of communities; they are often responsible for encouraging young people to take it up.<ref>{{cite web | last = Williams | first = Jonas | title = Responding to petrol sniffing on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands: A case study | work = Social Justice Report 2003 | publisher = Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission | date = March 2004 | url = http://www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/sj_report/sjreport03/chap4.html | access-date = 27 December 2006 }}</ref> A 1983 survey of 4,165 secondary students in New South Wales showed that solvents and aerosols ranked just after analgesics (e.g., codeine pills) and alcohol for drugs that were inappropriately used. This 1983 study did not find any common usage patterns or social class factors.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The causes of death for inhalant users in Australia included pneumonia, cardiac failure/arrest, aspiration of vomit, and burns. In 1985, there were 14 communities in Central Australia reporting young people sniffing. In July 1997, it was estimated that there were around 200 young people sniffing petrol across 10 communities in Central Australia. Approximately 40 were classified as chronic sniffers. There have been reports of young Aboriginal people sniffing petrol in the urban areas around [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] and [[Alice Springs, Northern Territory|Alice Springs]]. In 2005, the [[Government of Australia]] and [[BP]] Australia began the usage of [[Opal (fuel)|opal fuel]] in remote areas prone to petrol sniffing.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/Committee/clac_ctte/petrol_sniffing/submissions/sub03.pdf|title=Submission to the Senate Community Affairs References Committee by BP Australia Pty Ltd|publisher=Parliament of Australia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614103002/http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/clac_ctte/petrol_sniffing/submissions/sub03.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2007|access-date=8 June 2007}}</ref> Opal is a non-sniffable fuel (which is much less likely to cause a high) and has made a difference in some indigenous communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Petrol sniffing|date=23 January 2019 |url=https://www.menzies.edu.au/page/Research/Indigenous_Health/Smoking_alcohol_drugs_and_other_addictive_behaviours/Petrol-sniffing/|access-date=5 August 2022|publisher=Menzies School of Health Research}}</ref>
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