Editing Interference theory (section)

===Research===

====Short-term memory====
[[Henry L. Roediger III]] and Schmidt found that the act of retrieval can serve as the source of the failure to remember, using multiple experiments that tested the recall of categorized and paired associative lists.<ref name = Roediger>{{cite journal | last1 = Roediger | first1 = H.L. | last2 = III | last3 = Schmidt | first3 = S.R. | year = 1980 | title = Output interference in the recall of categorized and paired associative lists | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory | volume = 6 | pages = 91–105 | doi=10.1037/0278-7393.6.1.91| s2cid = 39396769 }}</ref> Three experiments were carried out where subjects were first presented with category lists, and then, asked to recall the items in the list after being shown the category name as a cue.<ref name="Roediger"/> The further the test position from the category resulted in a decline of the recall of words. A fourth experiment revealed that only recent items were present in output interference in paired associative lists.<ref name="Roediger"/>

[[File:Gray739-emphasizing-hippocampus.png|thumb|right|alt=Hippocampus|''Hippocampus highlighted in blue'']]
[[File:Amygdala.gif|thumb|left|alt=Amygdala|''Amygdala highlighted in red'']]

====Long-term memory====
Smith found that if categories with corresponding items were successfully recalled, a systematic decline would occur when recalling the items in a category across the output sequence.<ref name = "Smith, A.D.(1971)">{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = A.D. | year = 1971 | title = Output interference and organized recall from long-term memory | journal = Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior | volume = 10 | issue = 4| pages = 400–408 | doi=10.1016/s0022-5371(71)80039-7}}</ref> He conducted multiple experiments to determine the input conditioned necessary to produce Output Interference.<ref name="Smith, A.D.(1971)"/> In his first experiment word recall per category was greater at 60 sec than 30 sec when taking the last input category out to prevent [[recency effect]].<ref name="Smith, A.D.(1971)"/> In his second experiment he changed the instructions, words used, and nature of the retention test, and showed with the recognition procedure, there was Output Interference but the effect was limited to the first three output positions.<ref name="Smith, A.D.(1971)"/> Even if retrieving items is necessary for a recall, it is not crucial to performance in a recognition tack.<ref name="Smith, A.D.(1971)"/> Recall of the organized information from long-term memory hurt the following item recalled.<ref name="Smith, A.D.(1971)"/> In long-term memory, Smith suggests that Output Interference has effects on extra-core material, which is represented as contextual information, rather than the core material, which is highly available as a result of organization.<ref name="Smith, A.D.(1971)"/>

====Effects of age====
In both [[short-term memory]] and [[long-term memory]] Smith measured output interference in three age groups (aged 20–39, 40–59, 60–80 years).<ref name = Smith2>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = A.D. | year = 1975 | title = Aging and Interference with Memory | journal = Journal of Gerontology | volume = 30 | issue = 3| pages = 319–325 | doi=10.1093/geronj/30.3.319| pmid = 1120895 }}</ref> The results of recall performance revealed significant differences due to age where the older group recalled fewer items than the middle group who recalled fewer items than the youngest group.<ref name="Smith2"/> Overall Smith concluded that memory decline appears with increased age with long-term memory forgetting rather than short-term memory forgetting and short-term memory was unaffected by age. However, output interference was unable to explain the memory deficit seen in older subjects.<ref name="Smith2"/>

Recent research of adults [[free recall]] and cognitive triage displayed similar findings of recall performance being poorer in older adults compared to younger adults.<ref name= Marche>{{cite journal | last1 = Marche | first1 = T.A. | last2 = Howe | first2 = M.L. | last3 = Lane | first3 = D.G. | last4 = Owre | first4 = K.P. | last5 = Briere | first5 = J.L. | year = 2009 | title = Invariance of Cognitive Triage in the Development of Recall in Adulthood | url = http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/4212/3/Marche%20Howe%20et%20al%20accepted%20Memory%20paper%202009.pdf| journal = Memory | volume = 17 | issue = 5| pages = 518–527 | doi=10.1080/09658210902939355| pmid = 19468958 | s2cid = 13770995 }}</ref> Although it was also indicated that older adults had an increased susceptibility to output interference compared to younger adults and the difference increased as additional items were recalled.<ref name="Marche"/>