Editing Intimate relationship (section)

=== Intimate partner violence ===
Violence within an intimate relationship can take the form of [[Physical abuse|physical]], [[Psychological abuse|psychological]], [[Economic abuse|financial]], or [[sexual abuse]]. The [[World Health Organization]] estimates that 30% of women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by an intimate partner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Violence against women |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> The strong emotional attachment, investment, and interdependence that characterizes close relationships can make it difficult to leave an abusive relationship.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Jinseok |last2=Gray |first2=Karen A. |date=2008 |title=Leave or Stay?: Battered Women's Decision After Intimate Partner Violence |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260508314307 |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |language=en |volume=23 |issue=10 |pages=1465–1482 |doi=10.1177/0886260508314307 |pmid=18309037 |s2cid=263537650 |issn=0886-2605|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Research has identified a variety of risk factors for and types of perpetrators of intimate partner violence. Individuals who are exposed to violence or experience abuse in childhood are more likely to become perpetrators or victims of intimate partner violence as adults as part of the intergenerational [[cycle of violence]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Ping-Hsin |last2=Jacobs |first2=Abbie |last3=Rovi |first3=Susan L D |date=2013-09-01 |title=Intimate partner violence: childhood exposure to domestic violence |url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/24053262 |journal=FP Essentials |volume=412 |pages=24–27 |issn=2161-9344 |pmid=24053262}}</ref> Perpetrators are also more likely to be aggressive, impulsive, prone to anger, and may show pathological personality traits such as [[Antisocial personality disorder|antisocial]] and [[Borderline personality disorder|borderline]] traits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Finkel |first1=Eli J. |last2=Eckhardt |first2=Christopher I. |date=2013-04-12 |editor-last=Simpson |editor-first=Jeffry A. |editor2-last=Campbell |editor2-first=Lorne |title=Intimate Partner Violence |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398694.013.0020 |journal=Oxford Handbooks Online |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398694.013.0020|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Patriarchy|Patriarchal]] cultural scripts that depict men as aggressive and dominant may be an additional risk factor for men engaging in violence toward an intimate partner,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Parveen Azam |last2=Naylor |first2=Paul B. |date=2013-11-01 |title=Intimate partner violence: A narrative review of the feminist, social and ecological explanations for its causation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178913000633 |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=611–619 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.009 |issn=1359-1789|url-access=subscription }}</ref> although violence by female perpetrators is also a well-documented phenomenon<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carney |first1=Michelle |last2=Buttell |first2=Fred |last3=Dutton |first3=Don |date=2007-01-01 |title=Women who perpetrate intimate partner violence: A review of the literature with recommendations for treatment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178906000474 |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=108–115 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2006.05.002 |issn=1359-1789|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and research finds other contextual and demographic characteristics to be more salient risks factors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ehrensaft |first=Miriam K. |date=2008-03-01 |title=Intimate partner violence: Persistence of myths and implications for intervention |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740907001867 |journal=Children and Youth Services Review |series=Recent Trends in Intimate Violence: Theory and Intervention |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=276–286 |doi=10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.10.005 |issn=0190-7409|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Contextual factors such as high levels of stress can also contribute to risk of violence. Within the relationship, high levels of conflict and disagreements are associated with intimate partner violence, particularly for people who react to conflict with hostility.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Capaldi |first1=Deborah M. |last2=Knoble |first2=Naomi B. |last3=Shortt |first3=Joann Wu |last4=Kim |first4=Hyoun K. |date=2012 |title=A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence |journal=Partner Abuse |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=231–280 |doi=10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231 |issn= |pmc= 3384540|pmid=22754606}}</ref>