Editing Multiculturalism (section)

=== Scandinavia ===
[[File:2017-09-01 HS-Reise Multi-Kulti in Vuosaari (991).jpg|thumb|The [[Vuosaari]] district in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]], is highly multicultural.<ref>[https://www.uuttahelsinkia.fi/fi/esikaupungit/rakentaminen/vuosaari Vuosaari – Uutta Helsinkiä] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606154215/https://www.uuttahelsinkia.fi/fi/esikaupungit/rakentaminen/vuosaari |date=6 June 2020 }} (in Finnish)</ref><ref>[https://www.helsinginuutiset.fi/paikalliset/1440569 Asukkaat ja kuvasarja kertoo, millainen on Vuosaari – Professori: "Vuosaari on maahanmuuton tienraivaaja"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606154208/https://www.helsinginuutiset.fi/paikalliset/1440569 |date=6 June 2020 }} (in Finnish)</ref>]]
Multiculturalism in Scandinavia has centered on discussions about marriage, dress, religious schools, Muslim funeral rites and gender equality. [[Forced marriage]]s have been widely debated in Denmark, Sweden and Norway but the countries differ in policy and responses by authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://kjonnsforskning.no/nb/2006/05/multikulturalisme-i-skandinavia|title=Multikulturalisme i Skandinavia|website=kjonnsforskning.no (sub-unit of the Research Council of Norway)|date=30 May 2006 |language=nb|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref>

Sweden has the most permissive policies while Denmark the most restrictive ones.

==== Denmark ====
{{Main|Immigration to Denmark}}
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In 2001, Denmark, a liberal-conservative coalition government with the support of the [[Danish People's Party]] which instituted less pluralistic policy, geared more towards [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]].<ref name=":1" />

A 2018 study found that increases in local ethnic diversity in Denmark caused "rightward shifts in election outcomes by shifting electoral support away from traditional "big government" left‐wing parties and towards anti‐immigrant nationalist parties."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harmon |first1=Nikolaj A. |title=Immigration, Ethnic Diversity, and Political Outcomes: Evidence from Denmark |journal=The Scandinavian Journal of Economics |date=October 2018 |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=1043–1074 |doi=10.1111/sjoe.12239 |s2cid=54936991 |url=http://www.econ.ku.dk/nharmon/docs/harmon2013immigration.pdf }}</ref>

For decades, Danish immigration policy was built upon the belief that, with support, immigrants and their descendants would eventually reach the same levels of education as Danes. In a 2019 report, the [[Danish Immigration Service]] and the [[Ministry of Education (Denmark)|Ministry of Education]] found this to be false. The report found that, while the second-generation immigrants without a Western background do better than their parents, the same is not true for third-generation immigrants. One of the reasons given was that second-generation immigrants may marry someone from their country of origin, which may cause Danish not to be spoken at home, which would put the children at a disadvantage in school. Thereby, the process of integrating has to start from the beginning for each generation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.berlingske.dk/content/item/1329273|title=Opråb fra ministre: Problemer med integration af børn af ikkevestlige indvandrere|date=16 December 2018|website=[[Berlingske]].dk|language=da|access-date=29 January 2019|quote=Danmarks integrationspolitik har i årtier været bygget op om troen på, at med den rette hjælp vil indvandrere og deres efterkommerne generation for generation falde til. En ny undersøgelse rammer en pæl gennem den forestilling. Den fastslår, at tredjegenerationsindvandrerne ikke får bedre karakterer i folkeskolen end generationen før dem. At der ikke er flere, som færdiggør en ungdomsuddannelse. Og at der ikke er flere, som får et arbejde. Det fremgår af »Analyse af børn af efterkommere med ikke-vestlig baggrund«, som er udarbejdet af Integrationsministeriet og Undervisningsministeriet. Den kortlægger for første gang, hvordan tredjegenerationsindvandrerne klarer sig på centrale parametre. // »Vi ved fra forskningen, at børn, som taler dansk i hjemmet, klarer sig bedre i skolen. Men mange gifter sig med én, som kommer direkte fra hjemlandet. Det vil sige, at integrationen starter forfra i hver generation,« siger Merete Riisager.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uim.dk/nyheder/2018/2018-12/tredjegenerationsindvandrere-klarer-sig-ikke-bedre-end-anden-generation|title=Tredjegenerationsindvandrere klarer sig ikke bedre end anden generation – Udlændinge- og Integrationsministeriet|website=uim.dk|access-date=19 October 2019|archive-date=19 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019094846/https://uim.dk/nyheder/2018/2018-12/tredjegenerationsindvandrere-klarer-sig-ikke-bedre-end-anden-generation|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Norway ====
{{Main|Immigration to Norway}}[[File:Norway migrant education.png|thumb|Educational attainment of migrants in Norway in 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/09623/|title = 09623: Educational attainment of immigrants, by country background (Single country) 2004 – 2020}}</ref>]]

Apart from citizens of [[Nordic countries]], all foreigners must apply for permanent residency in order to live and work in Norway.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2008-05-15-35|title=Lov om utlendingers adgang til riket og deres opphold her (utlendingsloven) – Lovdata|website=lovdata.no|language=no|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref> In 2017, the Norwegian immigrant population was made up of: citizens of EU and [[European Economic Area|EEA]] countries (41.2%); citizens of Asian countries, including Turkey (32.4%); citizens of African countries (13.7%); and citizens of non-EU/EEA European, North American, South American and Oceanian countries (12.7%).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef|title=Innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre|work=ssb.no|access-date=2 March 2018|language=nb-NO}}</ref>

In 2015, during the [[European migrant crisis]], a total of 31,145 asylum seekers, most of whom came from Afghanistan and Syria, crossed the Norwegian border.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://snl.no/asylsituasjonen_i_Norge_2015_og_2016|title=Asylsituasjonen i Norge 2015 og 2016|last=Garvik|first=Olav|date=2017|website=Store Norske Leksikon}}</ref> In 2016, the number of asylum seekers dramatically reduced by almost 90%, with 3460 asylum seekers coming to Norway. This was partly due to the stricter border control across Europe, including an agreement between the EU and Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forskning.no/innvandring-samfunn-samfunnskunnskap/2016/12/fra-30-000-til-3000-asylsokere-hva-har-skjedd|title=Fra 30 000 til 3000 asylsøkere, hva har skjedd?|last=Amundsen|first=Bård|date=23 December 2016|website=Forskning.no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/background-information/eu_turkey_statement_17032017_en.pdf|title=EU-Turkey Statement 2016}}</ref>

As of September 2019, 15 foreign residents who had travelled from Norway to Syria or Iraq to join the [[Islamic State]] have had their residence permits revoked.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=7299474|title=Norska IS-resenärer förlorar uppehållstillstånd – Nyheter (Ekot)|last=Radio|first=Sveriges|newspaper=Sveriges Radio|date=14 September 2019|language=sv|access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref>

The [[Progress Party (Norway)|Progress Party]] has named the reduction of high levels of immigration from non-European countries one of their goals:
: "Immigration from countries outside the EEA must be strictly enforced to ensure a successful integration. It can not be accepted that fundamental Western values and human rights are set aside by cultures and attitudes that certain groups of immigrants bring with them to Norway."<ref>[http://www.frp.no/nor/mener/En-enklere-hverdag/FrP-fra-A-til-AA#id38159 The Progress Party's politics] (In Norwegian) From the official website of the Progress Party (23 November 2014)</ref>

An extreme form of opposition to immigration in Norway were [[2011 Norway attacks|the 22/7 attacks]] carried out by the terrorist [[Anders Behring Breivik]] on 22 July 2011. He killed 8 people by bombing government buildings in Oslo and massacred 69 young people at a youth summer camp held by the [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labour Party]], who were in power at the time. He blamed the party for the high level of Muslim immigration and accused it of "promoting multiculturalism".<ref>"[https://archive.today/20141123214301/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/25/norway.terror.attacks/index.html?_s=PM:WORLD Prime minister: Norway still 'an open society' despite 'the horror']" [[CNN]], 25 July 2011</ref>

==== Sweden ====
{{Main|Immigration to Sweden}}[[File:Mångfaldsbarometern 2014 cultural distances in Sweden.png|thumb|322x322px|Source: [[Gävle University College]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.hig.se/download/18.4db66897149b264e1ba4df24/1417115797086/mangfald.pdf|title=Mångfaldsbarometern 2014|publisher=Gävle University College|date=October 2014|pages=57|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621094211/https://www.hig.se/download/18.4db66897149b264e1ba4df24/1417115797086/mangfald.pdf|archive-date=21 June 2016}}</ref>]]
Sweden has from the early 1970s experienced a greater share of non-Western immigration than the other Scandinavian countries, which consequently have placed multiculturalism on the political agenda for a longer period of time.<ref name=":1" />

Sweden was the first country to adopt an official policy of multiculturalism in Europe. On 14 May 1975, a unanimous Swedish parliament passed an act on a new multiculturalist immigrant and ethnic minority policy put forward by the [[social democracy|social democratic]] government, that explicitly rejected the ideal ethnic homogeneity and the policy of assimilation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dagenssamhalle.se/nyhet/dags-att-begrava-det-multikulturella-projektet-31651|title=Dags att begrava det multikulturella projektet|publisher=Dagens sahmälle|language=Swedish|date=17 February 2017|access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref> The three main principles of the new policy were equality, partnership and freedom of choice. The explicit policy aim of the freedom of choice principle was to create the opportunity for minority groups in Sweden to retain their own languages and cultures. From the mid-1970s, the goal of enabling the preservation of minorities and creating a positive attitude towards the new officially endorsed multicultural society among the majority population became incorporated into the Swedish constitution as well as cultural, educational and media policies. Despite the anti-multiculturalist protestations of the [[Sweden Democrats]], multiculturalism remains official policy in Sweden.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The multicultural moment: the history of the idea and politics of multiculturalism in Sweden in comparative, transnational and biographical context, 1964–1975|last=Wickström|first=Mats|publisher=Åbo Akademi|year=2015|isbn=978-952-12-3133-9|url=http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201501071068}}</ref>

A 2008 study which involved questionnaires sent to 5,000 people, showed that less than a quarter of the respondents (23%) wanted to live in areas characterised by cultural, ethnic and social diversity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.svd.se/svenskar-vill-ha-inhagnat-boende|title=Svenskar vill ha inhägnat boende {{!}} SvD|last=TT|work=SvD.se|access-date=14 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322170850/http://www.svd.se/svenskar-vill-ha-inhagnat-boende|archive-date=22 March 2016|language=sv}}</ref>

A 2014 study published by [[Gävle University College]] showed that 38% of the population never interacted with anyone from Africa and 20% never interacted with any non-Europeans.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.hig.se/download/18.4db66897149b264e1ba4df24/1417115797086/mangfald.pdf|title=Mångfaldsbarometern 2014|publisher=Gävle University College|date=October 2014|pages=7–8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621094211/https://www.hig.se/download/18.4db66897149b264e1ba4df24/1417115797086/mangfald.pdf|archive-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> The study concluded that while physical distance to the country of origin, also religion and other cultural expressions are significant for the perception of cultural familiarity. In general, peoples with Christianity as the dominant religion were perceived to be culturally closer than peoples from Muslim countries.<ref name=":0" />

A 2017 study by [[Lund University]] also found that social trust was lower among people in regions with high levels of past non-Nordic immigration than among people in regions with low levels of past immigration.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McShane|first1=Karl|date=2017|title=Getting used to diversity? Immigration and trust in Sweden|url=https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/6d33125a-0256-40b2-9c41-37a7486ddb0d|journal=Economics Bulletin|volume=37|issue=3|pages=16|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> The erosive effect on trust was more pronounced for immigration from culturally distant countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McShane|first=Karl|date=31 August 2017|title=Getting Used to Diversity? Immigration and Trust in Sweden|url=http://www.accessecon.com/Pubs/EB/2017/Volume37/EB-17-V37-I3-P171.pdf|journal=Economics Bulletin|volume=37| issue = 3|pages=12|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>