Editing Packet switching (section)

====NPL====
[[Donald Davies]] of the [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)]] designed and proposed a national commercial data network based on packet switching in 1965.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Davies |url=http://www.thocp.net/biographies/davies_donald.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105075754/http://www.thocp.net/biographies/davies_donald.htm |archive-date=2020-11-05 |access-date=2017-08-28 |work=thocp.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Davies |url=http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/donald-davies |work=internethalloffame.org}}</ref> The proposal was not taken up nationally but the following year, he designed a [[local network]] using  "interface computers", today known as [[Router (computing)|routers]], to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching.<ref>{{citation|last1=Pelkey|first1=James|title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988|date=2007|chapter=NPL Network and Donald Davies 1966 - 1971|chapter-url=http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/4/4.11-NPLNetworkDonaldDavies66-71.html|access-date=13 April 2016|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129225124/http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/4/4.11-NPLNetworkDonaldDavies66-71.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

By 1968 Davies had begun building the [[NPL network]] to meet the needs of the multidisciplinary laboratory and prove the technology under operational conditions.<ref>{{cite conference |first= R. A. |last= Scantlebury |author2= Wilkinson, P.T. |title= The National Physical Laboratory Data Communications Network |book-title= Proceedings of the 2nd ICCC 74 |pages= 223–228 |year= 1974 |url= http://www.rogerdmoore.ca/PS/NPLPh/NPL1974A.html |conference=  |access-date= 2013-08-30 |archive-date= 2013-10-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131020140205/http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/NPLPh/NPL1974A.html |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name=Hempstead2005/><ref name="BBC Technology">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8331253.stm|title=Celebrating 40 years of the net|first=Mark|last=Ward|newspaper=BBC News|date=October 29, 2009}}</ref> In 1969, the NPL, followed by the ARPANET, were the first two networks to use packet switching.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=John S |first1=Quarterman |last2=Josiah C |first2=Hoskins |date=1986 |title=Notable computer networks |journal=Communications of the ACM |language=EN |volume=29 |issue=10 |pages=932–971 |doi=10.1145/6617.6618 |s2cid=25341056 |quote=The first packet-switching network was implemented at the National Physical Laboratories in the United Kingdom. It was quickly followed by the ARPANET in 1969.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Haughney Dare-Bryan"/> By 1976, 12 computers and 75 terminal devices were attached,<ref>{{cite web|title=The National Physical Laboratory Data Communications Netowrk|url=http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/NPLPh/NPL1974A.html|access-date=5 September 2017|date=1974|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801152456/http://www.rogerdmoore.ca/PS/NPLPh/NPL1974A.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and more were added until the network was replaced in 1986. NPL was the first to use high-speed links.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Cambell-Kelly |first=Martin |date=1987 |title=Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975) |url=https://archive.org/details/DataCommunicationsAtTheNationalPhysicalLaboratory |journal=Annals of the History of Computing |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3/4 |pages=221–247 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023 |s2cid=8172150 |quote=Transmission of packets of data over the high-speed lines}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Guardian Staff |date=2013-06-25 |title=Internet pioneers airbrushed from history |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/25/internet-pioneers-airbrushed-from-history |access-date=2020-07-31 |issn=0261-3077 |quote=This was the first digital local network in the world to use packet switching and high-speed links.}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Lawrence G. |date=November 1978 |title=The evolution of packet switching |url=http://www.ece.ucf.edu/~yuksem/teaching/nae/reading/1978-roberts.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=1307–13 |doi=10.1109/PROC.1978.11141 |s2cid=26876676 |quote=Both Paul Baran and Donald Davies in their original papers anticipated the use of T1 trunks}}</ref>