Editing Performance appraisal (section)

====Self Assessment====
Self-assessment incorporates a ''“wide variety of mechanisms and techniques through which students describe (i.e., assess) and possibly assign merit or worth to (i.e., evaluate) the qualities of their own learning processes and products”'' (p.&nbsp;804)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Panadero |first1=Ernesto |last2=Brown |first2=Gavin T. L. |last3=Strijbos |first3=Jan-Willem |title=The Future of Student Self-Assessment: a Review of Known Unknowns and Potential Directions |journal=Educational Psychology Review |date=December 2016 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=803–830 |doi=10.1007/s10648-015-9350-2 |hdl=10486/679161 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Threats to successful implementation of self-assessment are scarcity of time, overemphasis on scoring tools, failure to follow-up improvement actions and lack of communication.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Teo |first1=W F |last2=Dale |first2=B G |title=Self-assessment: Methods, management and process |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture |date=May 1997 |volume=211 |issue=5 |pages=365–375 |doi=10.1243/0954405971516347 }}</ref> It is a Self-reflective process meaning that structure, and the ability to remain objective about one’s own achievements and qualities are essential to the success of self-assessment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McDonald |first1=Betty |title=Self Assessment for Understanding |journal=Journal of Education |date=January 2008 |volume=188 |issue=1 |pages=25–40 |doi=10.1177/002205740818800103 }}</ref>

The risk of flawed self-assessment is that self-perceptions of behaviours, knowledge and skill can fail to align with the reality of an individual’s performance. This can either absorb excessive management time in addressing flawed self-perceptions of performance or, if the behaviour is not addressed, can detract from the achievement of organisational goals. Therefore, evolved reflective skills are essential to successful self-assessment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dunning |first1=David |last2=Heath |first2=Chip |last3=Suls |first3=Jerry M. |title=Flawed Self-Assessment: Implications for Health, Education, and the Workplace |journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest |date=December 2004 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=69–106 |doi=10.1111/j.1529-1006.2004.00018.x |pmid=26158995 }}</ref>