Editing Permaculture (section)

=== Marine systems ===

[[File:Harvesting seaweed in Jambiani.jpg|thumb|Harvesting of [[seaweed]] in [[Jambiani]], [[Tanzania]] ]]

Permaculture derives its origin from agriculture, although the same principles, especially its foundational ethics, can also be applied to [[mariculture]], particularly [[seaweed farming]]. In [[Marine Permaculture]], [[Upwelling|artificial upwelling]] of cold, deep ocean water is induced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Foundation: Marine Permaculture |url=https://www.climatefoundation.org/what-is-marine-permaculture.html |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Climate Foundation }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Santa Barbara Permaculture Network - local to global, an educational non-profit since 2000 - Events |url=http://www.sbpermaculture.org/events.html#event46poster |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Sbpermaculture.org}}</ref> When an attachment substrate is provided in association with such an upwelling, and [[kelp]] [[sporophytes]] are present, a [[kelp forest]] ecosystem can be established (since kelp needs the cool temperatures and abundant dissolved macronutrients present in such an environment).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hollarsmith |first1=Jordan A. |last2=Buschmann |first2=Alejandro H. |last3=Camus |first3=Carolina |last4=Grosholz |first4=Edwin D. |date=1 January 2020 |title=Varying reproductive success under ocean warming and acidification across giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) populations |journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |volume=522 |pages=151247 |doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2019.151247 |issn=0022-0981 |doi-access=|bibcode=2020JEMBE.52251247H |s2cid=208555472 }}</ref> [[Microalgae]] proliferate as well.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Flannery |first=Tim |title=Sunlight and Seaweed: An Argument for How to Feed, Power and Clean Up the World |publisher=Text Publishing House Melbourne |year=2017 |isbn=9781925498684 |location=Melbourne, Victoria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Zhibing |last2=Liu |first2=Jingjing |last3=Li |first3=Shanglu |last4=Chen |first4=Yue |last5=Du |first5=Ping |last6=Zhu |first6=Yuanli |last7=Liao |first7=Yibo |last8=Chen |first8=Quanzhen |last9=Shou |first9=Lu |last10=Yan |first10=Xiaojun |last11=Zeng |first11=Jiangning |display-authors=3 |date=10 March 2020 |title=Kelp cultivation effectively improves water quality and regulates phytoplankton community in a turbid, highly eutrophic bay |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719355561 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=707 |pages=135561 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.70735561J |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135561 |issn=0048-9697 |pmid=31972904 |last12=Chen |first12=Jianfang |s2cid=209725048|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Marine forest habitat is beneficial for many fish species,<ref>{{Citation |last1=Wernberg |first1=Thomas |chapter=Status and Trends for the World's Kelp Forests |date=1 January 2019 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128050521000036 |title=World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) |pages=57–78 |editor-last=Sheppard |editor-first=Charles |publisher=Academic Press |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-805052-1.00003-6 |isbn=978-0-12-805052-1 |access-date=29 July 2020 |last2=Krumhansl |first2=Kira |last3=Filbee-Dexter |first3=Karen |last4=Pedersen |first4=Morten F.|s2cid=134294676 }}</ref> and the kelp is a renewable resource for food, animal feed,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Belanche |first1=Alejandro |last2=Jones |first2=Eleanor |last3=Parveen |first3=Ifat |last4=Newbold |first4=Charles J. |date=2016 |title=A Metagenomics Approach to Evaluate the Impact of Dietary Supplementation with Ascophyllum nodosum or Laminaria digitata on Rumen Function in Rusitec Fermenters |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=7 |page=299 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00299 |issn=1664-302X |pmc=4785176 |pmid=27014222 |doi-access=free}}</ref> medicines<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Girão |first1=Mariana |last2=Ribeiro |first2=Inês |last3=Ribeiro |first3=Tiago |last4=Azevedo |first4=Isabel C. |last5=Pereira |first5=Filipe |last6=Urbatzka |first6=Ralph |last7=Leão |first7=Pedro N. |last8=Carvalho |first8=Maria F. |display-authors=3 |date=2019 |title=Actinobacteria Isolated From Laminaria ochroleuca: A Source of New Bioactive Compounds |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=10 |page=683 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.00683 |issn=1664-302X |pmc=6465344 |pmid=31024480 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and various other commercial products.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Laurens |first1=Lieve M. L. |last2=Lane |first2=Madeline |last3=Nelson |first3=Robert S. |date=6 May 2020 |title=Sustainable Seaweed Biotechnology Solutions for Carbon Capture, Composition, and Deconstruction |journal=Trends in Biotechnology |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=1232–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.015 |issn=0167-7799 |pmid=32386971 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Buschmann |first1=Alejandro H. |title=Chapter Six - The Status of Kelp Exploitation and Marine Agronomy, with Emphasis on Macrocystis pyrifera, in Chile |date=1 January 2014 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124080621000068 |work=Advances in Botanical Research |volume=71 |pages=161–188 |editor-last=Bourgougnon |editor-first=Nathalie |series=Sea Plants |publisher=Academic Press |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-408062-1.00006-8 |access-date=29 July 2020 |last2=Prescott |first2=Steven |last3=Potin |first3=Philippe |last4=Faugeron |first4=Sylvain |last5=Vásquez |first5=Julio A. |last6=Camus |first6=Carolina |last7=Infante |first7=Javier |last8=Hernández-González |first8=María Carmen |last9=Gutíerrez |first9=Alfonso |display-authors=3 |hdl=10533/128618 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> It is also a powerful tool for carbon fixation.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Flannery |first=Tim |title=Can seaweed help curb global warming? |date=23 September 2019 |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/tim_flannery_can_seaweed_help_curb_global_warming |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krause-Jensen |first1=Dorte |last2=Lavery |first2=Paul |last3=Serrano |first3=Oscar |last4=Marbà |first4=Núria |last5=Masque |first5=Pere |last6=Duarte |first6=Carlos M. |display-authors=3 |date=30 June 2018 |title=Sequestration of macroalgal carbon: the elephant in the Blue Carbon room |journal=Biology Letters |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=20180236 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2018.0236 |pmc=6030603 |pmid=29925564}}</ref>

The upwelling can be powered by [[renewable energy]] on location. Vertical mixing has been reduced due to [[ocean stratification]] effects associated with [[climate change]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barton |first1=E. D. |last2=Field |first2=D. B. |last3=Roy |first3=C. |date=1 September 2013 |title=Canary current upwelling: More or less? |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661113001134 |journal=Progress in Oceanography |volume=116 |pages=167–178 |bibcode=2013PrOce.116..167B |doi=10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.007 |issn=0079-6611 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10261/80552}}</ref> Reduced vertical mixing and marine heatwaves have decimated seaweed ecosystems in many areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thomsen |first1=Mads S. |last2=Mondardini |first2=Luca |last3=Alestra |first3=Tommaso |last4=Gerrity |first4=Shawn |last5=Tait |first5=Leigh |last6=South |first6=Paul M. |last7=Lilley |first7=Stacie A. |last8=Schiel |first8=David R. |display-authors=3 |date=2019 |title=Local Extinction of Bull Kelp (Durvillaea spp.) Due to a Marine Heatwave |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2019.00084 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free |s2cid=69173935}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Straub |first1=Sandra C. |last2=Wernberg |first2=Thomas |last3=Thomsen |first3=Mads S. |last4=Moore |first4=Pippa J. |last5=Burrows |first5=Michael T. |last6=Harvey |first6=Ben P. |last7=Smale |first7=Dan A. |display-authors=3 |date=2019 |title=Resistance, Extinction, and Everything in Between – The Diverse Responses of Seaweeds to Marine Heatwaves |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2019.00763 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free |s2cid=209324664|hdl=2160/465c66d5-e36f-4392-b45d-e76611368800 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wernberg |first1=T. |last2=Bennett |first2=S. |last3=Babcock |first3=R. C. |last4=de Bettignies |first4=T. |last5=Cure |first5=K. |last6=Depczynski |first6=M. |last7=Dufois |first7=F. |last8=Fromont |first8=J. |last9=Fulton |first9=C. J. |last10=Hovey |first10=R. K. |last11=Harvey |first11=E. S. |display-authors=3 |date=8 July 2016 |title=Climate-driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem |journal=Science |volume=353 |issue=6295 |pages=169–172 |bibcode=2016Sci...353..169W |doi=10.1126/science.aad8745 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=27387951 |doi-access=free |s2cid=206645399|hdl=20.500.11937/31133 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Marine permaculture mitigates this by restoring some vertical mixing and preserves these important ecosystems. By preserving and regenerating habitat offshore on a platform, marine permaculture employs natural processes to regenerate marine life.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ZJLHJJNBsVI Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200714195723/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJLHJJNBsVI Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web |last=Powers |first=Matt |date=10 July 2019 |title=Marine Permaculture with Brian Von Herzen Episode 113 A Regenerative Future |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJLHJJNBsVI&list=PU9Jg0zsgjNxjltlFjE0YvNw&index=109 |website=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/y8RojQZbsB8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200714195553/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8RojQZbsB8 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web |last=Gamble |first=Morag |date=3 December 2019 |title=Marine Permaculture with Dr Brian von Herzen & Morag Gamble |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8RojQZbsB8&t=1s |website=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>