Editing Place cell (section)

===Alzheimer's disease===
Problems with [[spatial memory]] and navigation are thought to be one of the early indications of [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Delpolyi|first=AR|author2=Rankin, K |author3=Mucke, L |author4=Miller, BL |author5= Gorno-Tempini, ML |title=Spatial cognition and the human navigation network in AD and MCI|journal=Neurology|date=4 September 2007|volume=69|issue=10|pages=1986–1997 |doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000271376.19515.c6 |pmid=17785667|s2cid=23800745}}</ref> Place cells have been shown to degenerate in Alzheimer's mouse models, which causes such problems with spatial memory in these mice.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cacucci|first1=Francesca|last2=Yi|first2=Ming|last3=Wills|first3=Thomas J.|last4=Chapman|first4=Paul|last5=O'Keefe|first5=John|date=2008-06-03|title=Place cell firing correlates with memory deficits and amyloid plaque burden in Tg2576 Alzheimer mouse model|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=105|issue=22|pages=7863–7868|doi=10.1073/pnas.0802908105|issn=0027-8424|pmid=18505838|pmc=2396558|bibcode=2008PNAS..105.7863C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Furthermore, the place cells in these models have unstable representations of space,<ref name="Mably 2017 378–392">{{Cite journal|last1=Mably|first1=Alexandra J.|last2=Gereke|first2=Brian J.|last3=Jones|first3=Dylan T.|last4=Colgin|first4=Laura Lee|date=2017|title=Impairments in spatial representations and rhythmic coordination of place cells in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease|journal=Hippocampus|language=en|volume=27|issue=4|pages=378–392|doi=10.1002/hipo.22697|pmid=28032686|s2cid=2904174|issn=1098-1063}}</ref> and cannot learn stable representations for new environments as well as place cells in healthy mice.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Rong|last2=Fowler|first2=Stephanie W.|last3=Chiang|first3=Angie C. A.|last4=Ji|first4=Daoyun|last5=Jankowsky|first5=Joanna L.|date=2014|title=Impairments in experience-dependent scaling and stability of hippocampal place fields limit spatial learning in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease|journal=Hippocampus|language=en|volume=24|issue=8|pages=963–978|doi=10.1002/hipo.22283|issn=1098-1063|pmc=4456091|pmid=24752989}}</ref> The hippocampal theta waves, as well as the gamma waves, that influence place cell firing, for example through phase precession, are also affected.<ref name="Mably 2017 378–392"/>