Editing Publishing (section)

== History ==

[[File:The Caxton Celebration - William Caxton showing specimens of his printing to King Edward IV and his Queen.jpg|300px|thumb|Printer working an early [[Gutenberg letter press|Gutenberg letterpress]] from the 15th century (1877 engraving)]]

Publishing became possible with the [[history of writing|invention of writing]] and became more practical upon the [[History of printing|introduction of printing]]. Before printing, distributed works were copied manually by [[scribe]]s. Due to printing, publishing progressed hand-in-hand with the [[History of books|development of books]].

The Chinese inventor [[Bi Sheng]] made a [[movable type]] of earthenware {{Circa|1045}}, but there are no known surviving examples of his work. The Korean civil servant [[Ch'oe Yun-ŭi]], who lived during the [[Goryeo]] Dynasty, invented the first metal moveable type in 1234–1250 AD.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Newman |first1=Sophia |title=So, Gutenberg Didn't Actually Invent Printing As We Know It |url=https://lithub.com/so-gutenberg-didnt-actually-invent-the-printing-press/ |date=19 June 2019 |publisher=Literary Hub |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221130418/https://lithub.com/so-gutenberg-didnt-actually-invent-the-printing-press/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 
 
In what is commonly regarded as an independent invention, [[Johannes Gutenberg]] developed movable type in Europe around 1450, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and [[hand mould]]. The invention of the [[printing press]] gradually made books less expensive to produce and more widely available.

Early printed books, single sheets, and images created before 1501 in Europe are known as [[incunable]]s or ''incunabula''. "A man born in 1453, the year of the [[fall of Constantinople]], could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] founded his city in A.D. 330."<ref>[[Michael Clapham (industrialist)|Clapham, Michael]], "Printing" in ''A History of Technology'', Vol 2. ''From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution'', eds,. Charles Singer ''et al.'' (Oxford 1957), p. 377. Cited from [[Elizabeth L. Eisenstein]], ''The Printing Press as an Agent of Change'' (Cambridge University, 1980).</ref>

The [[History of newspaper publishing|history of modern newspaper publishing]] started in Germany in 1609, with the publication [[Magazine#History|of magazines]] following in 1663.

Historians describe the last third of the eighteenth century of the German book trade as the ''Sturm und Drang'' period, German for "storm and stress."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raven |first=James |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Book |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780198702986 |publication-date=September 1, 2020 |pages=223}}</ref> 

Missionaries brought printing presses to [[sub-Saharan Africa]] in the mid-18th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theelephant.info/culture/2019/12/13/african-publishing-minefields-and-the-woes-of-the-african-writer/|title=African Publishing Minefields and the Woes of the African Writer|last=Gazemba|first=Stanley|date=2019-12-13|website=The Elephant|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-29|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211031818/https://www.theelephant.info/culture/2019/12/13/african-publishing-minefields-and-the-woes-of-the-african-writer/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Historically, publishing has been handled by [[#Types of publishers|publishers]], although some authors self-published.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pw.org/content/notable_moments_in_selfpublishing_history_a_timeline|title=Notable Moments in Self-Publishing History: A Timeline|first=Jamie|last=FitzGerald|date=2013-11-01|website=Poets & Writers|language=en|access-date=2020-02-08|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727023412/https://www.pw.org/content/notable_moments_in_selfpublishing_history_a_timeline|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[History of the World Wide Web|establishment of the World Wide Web]] in 1989 soon propelled the [[website]] into a dominant publishing medium. [[history of wikis|Wikis]] and [[history of blogging|blogs]] soon developed, followed by [[online book]]s, [[Online newspaper#History|online newspapers]], and [[online magazine]]s. This also facilitated the [[technological convergence]] of commercial and self-published content and the convergence of publishing and production into [[Online producer|online production]] through the development of [[multimedia]] content.

A U.S.-based study in 2016 that surveyed 34 publishers found that straight, able-bodied, white females overwhelmingly represent the publishing industry in the US.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=2016-01-27|title=Publishing industry is overwhelmingly white and female, US study finds|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/27/us-study-finds-publishing-is-overwhelmingly-white-and-female|access-date=2020-11-09|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109023642/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/27/us-study-finds-publishing-is-overwhelmingly-white-and-female|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Salon (website)|''Salon'']] described the situation as a "lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-01-26|title=White women of publishing: New survey shows a lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world|first=Paula Young|last=Lee|url=https://www.salon.com/2016/01/26/white_women_of_publishing_new_survey_shows_a_lack_of_diversity_behind_the_scenes_in_book_world/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Salon|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108110825/https://www.salon.com/2016/01/26/white_women_of_publishing_new_survey_shows_a_lack_of_diversity_behind_the_scenes_in_book_world/|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey in 2020 by the same group found there has been no significant statistical change in the lack of diversity since the 2016 survey.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=2020-01-30|title=US publishing remains 'as white today as it was four years ago'|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jan/30/us-publishing-american-dirt-survey-diversity-cultural-appropriation|access-date=2020-11-10|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129005358/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jan/30/us-publishing-american-dirt-survey-diversity-cultural-appropriation|url-status=live}}</ref> Lack of diversity in the American publishing industry has been an issue for years. Within the industry, the least amount of diversity was in higher-level editorial positions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Italie|first=Hillel|date=2020-02-11|title=Missteps lead publishing industry to review diversity effort|url=https://apnews.com/article/3bb3b469921e1f72fb3b81101ffdd9e0|access-date=2020-11-10|website=[[Associated Press]]|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110094247/https://apnews.com/article/3bb3b469921e1f72fb3b81101ffdd9e0|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{See also|List of women printers and publishers before 1800}}
{{See also|History of printing in East Asia}}