Editing Rutherford scattering experiments (section)

=== Very light nuclei and higher energies ===
In 1919 Rutherford analyzed alpha particle scattering from hydrogen atoms,<ref>RUTHERFORD, E. "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, I. Hydrogen, II. Velocity of the Hydrogen Atom. III. Nitrogen and Oxygen Atoms. IV. An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen." Philosophical Magazine 37 (1919): 537-587.</ref> showing the limits of the 1911 formula even with corrections for reduced mass.<ref name=EisbergPorter1961>{{Cite journal |last1=Eisberg |first1=R. M. |last2=Porter |first2=C. E. |date=1961-04-01 |title=Scattering of Alpha Particles |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.33.190 |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=190–230 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.33.190 |bibcode=1961RvMP...33..190E |issn=0034-6861|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|191}} Similar issues with smaller deviations for helium, magnesium, aluminium<ref>Bieler, E. S. "The large-angle scattering of α-particles by light nuclei." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 105.732 (1924): 434-450.</ref> led to the conclusion that the alpha particle was penetrating the nucleus in these cases. This allowed the first estimates of the size of atomic nuclei.<ref name=GilibertiLovisetti/>{{rp|255}} Later experiments based on [[cyclotron]] acceleration of alpha particles striking heavier nuclei provided data for analysis of interaction between the alpha particle and the nuclear surface. However at energies that push the alpha particles deeper they are strongly absorbed by the nuclei, a more complex interaction.<ref name=EisbergPorter1961/>{{rp|228}}<ref name=Barrette2021/>{{rp|441}}