Editing Teleost (section)

== Relationship with humans ==

{{Main|Fish in culture}}

=== Economic importance===

[[File:Loch Ainort fish farm - geograph.org.uk - 1800327.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fish farming]] in the sea off [[Scotland]]]]

{{Main|Fishing}}

Teleosts are economically important in different ways. They are [[fishing|captured for food]] around the world. A small number of species such as [[herring]], [[cod]], [[pollock]], [[anchovy]], tuna and [[mackerel]] provide people with millions of tons of food per year, while many other species are fished in smaller amounts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3740t.pdf |page=12 |work=Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2012 |title=Capture production by principal species in 2012 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref> They provide a large proportion of the [[recreational fishing|fish caught for sport]].<ref name=Kisia2010>{{cite book |last=Kisia |first=S. M. |title=Vertebrates: Structures and Functions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl_JvHqOwoIC&pg=PA22 |year=2010 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-4052-8|page=22}}</ref> Commercial and recreational fishing together provide millions of people with employment.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Economic Report Finds Commercial and Recreational Saltwater Fishing Generated More Than Two Million Jobs |url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2009/20090105_nmfseconomics.html |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref>

A small number of productive species including carp, salmon,<ref name=Scot2014>{{cite book |title=Scottish Fish Farm Production Survey 2014 |date=September 2015 |publisher=The Scottish Government/Riaghaltas na h-Alba |isbn=978-1-78544-608-5 |url=http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2015/09/6580}}</ref> [[tilapia]] and [[catfish]] are [[fish farming|farmed commercially]], producing millions of tons of protein-rich food per year. The UN's [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] expects production to increase sharply so that by 2030, perhaps sixty-two percent of food fish will be farmed.<ref name=FishTo2030>{{cite web |title=Fish to 2030 : prospects for fisheries and aquaculture (Report 83177) |pages=1–102 |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/12/18882045/fish-2030-prospects-fisheries-aquaculture |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization; World Bank Group |access-date=3 January 2016 |date=1 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202043706/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/12/18882045/fish-2030-prospects-fisheries-aquaculture |archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref>

Fish are consumed fresh, or may be preserved by traditional methods, which include combinations of drying, [[smoking (cooking)|smoking]], and [[salting (food)|salting]], or [[fermentation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fish and fish products |url=http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/x5434e/x5434e0f.htm |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=8 April 2016 |archive-date=8 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208173446/http://www.fao.org/WAIRdocs/x5434e/x5434e0f.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Modern methods of preservation include freezing, [[freeze-drying]], and heat processing (as in [[canning]]). Frozen fish products include breaded or [[batter (cooking)|battered]] fillets, [[fish finger]]s and [[fishcake]]s. Fish meal is used as a food supplement for farmed fish and for livestock. Fish oils are made either from fish liver, especially rich in [[Vitamin A|vitamins A]] and [[Vitamin D|D]], or from the bodies of oily fish such as sardine and herring, and used as food supplements and to treat vitamin deficiencies.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maqsood |first1=Sajid |last2=Singh |first2=Prabjeet |last3=Samoon |first3=Munir Hassan |last4=Wani |first4=Gohar Bilal |title=Various Fish and Fish Products Being Produced in Fish Processing Industries and Their Value Addition |url=http://aquafind.com/articles/Value-Added-Fish-Process.php |publisher=Aquafind (Aquatic Fish Database) |access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref>

Some smaller and more colourful species serve as [[aquarium]] specimens and [[pet]]s. [[Seawolf (fish)|Sea wolves]] are used in the leather industry. [[Isinglass]] is made from thread fish and drum fish.<ref name=Kisia2010/>

=== Impact on stocks ===

[[File:Atlantic cod capture 1950 2005.png|thumb|right|Capture of Atlantic Cod 1950–2005 ([[FAO]])]]

Human activities have affected stocks of many species of teleost, through [[overfishing]],<ref name="gaiavince">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120920-are-we-running-out-of-fish |title=How the world's oceans could be running out of fish |author=Vince, Gaia |publisher=BBC |date=20 September 2012 |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> [[water pollution|pollution]] and [[global warming]]. Among many recorded instances, overfishing caused the complete collapse of the [[Atlantic cod]] population off [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] in 1992, leading to Canada's indefinite closure of the fishery.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kunzig |first=R. |url=http://discovermagazine.com/1995/apr/twilightofthecod489 |title=Twilight of the Cod |journal=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |date=April 1995 |page=52}}</ref> Pollution, especially in rivers and along coasts, has harmed teleosts as sewage, pesticides and herbicides have entered the water. Many pollutants, such as [[heavy metals]], [[organochlorine]]s, and [[carbamate]]s interfere with teleost reproduction, often by disrupting their [[endocrine]] systems. In the [[common roach|roach]], river pollution has caused the intersex condition, in which an individual's gonads contain both cells that can make male gametes (such as [[spermatogonia]]) and cells that can make female gametes (such as [[oogonia]]). Since endocrine disruption also affects humans, teleosts are used to indicate the presence of such chemicals in water. Water pollution caused local extinction of teleost populations in many northern European lakes in the second half of the twentieth century.<ref name="WoottonSmith2014">Wootton and Smith 2014, pp. 123–125</ref>

The effects of climate change on teleosts could be powerful but are complex. For example, increased winter precipitation (rain and snow) could harm populations of freshwater fish in Norway, whereas warmer summers could increase growth of adult fish.<ref name="KernanBattarbee2011">{{cite book |last1=Kernan |first1=Martin |last2=Battarbee |first2=Richard W. |last3=Moss |first3=Brian R. |title=Climate Change Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVAdx0wYvAwC&pg=PA93 |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-9127-5|page=93}}</ref> In the oceans, teleosts may be able to cope with warming, as it is simply an extension of natural variation in climate.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fisheries Management and Climate Change in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IAMCXnws6cC&pg=PA48 |year=2008 |publisher=Nordic Council of Ministers |isbn=978-92-893-1777-1 |page=48}}</ref> It is uncertain how [[ocean acidification]], caused by rising carbon dioxide levels, might affect teleosts.<ref name="PlanBoard2013">{{cite book <!-- author parameter causes error with so many commas, no apparent workaround --> |author=Committee on the Review of the National Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Plan, Ocean Studies Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council |title=Review of the Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Plan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7B11AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |year=2013 |publisher=[[National Academies Press]] |isbn=978-0-309-30152-7 |page=3}}</ref>

=== Other interactions ===

[[File:Aquarias Danio rerio-science institute 01.jpg|thumb|Service to science: [[zebrafish]] being bred in a research institute]]

A few teleosts are dangerous. Some, like eeltail catfish ([[Plotosidae]]), scorpionfish ([[Scorpaenidae]]) or stonefish ([[Synanceiidae]]) have venomous spines that can seriously injure or kill humans. Some, like the [[electric eel]] and the [[electric catfish]], can [[Electric fish|give a severe electric shock]]. Others, such as the [[piranha]] and [[barracuda]], have a powerful bite and have sometimes attacked human bathers.<ref name=Kisia2010/> Reports indicate that some of the [[catfish]] family can be large enough to [[Kali River goonch attacks|prey on human bathers]].

[[Medaka]] and zebrafish are used as research models for studies in [[genetics]] and [[developmental biology]]. The zebrafish is the most commonly used laboratory vertebrate,<ref name=Kisia2010/> offering the advantages of genetic similarity to mammals, small size, simple environmental needs, transparent larvae permitting non-invasive imaging, plentiful offspring, rapid growth, and the ability to absorb [[mutagen]]s added to their water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Five reasons why zebrafish make excellent research models |url=https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/news/five-reasons-why-zebrafish-make-excellent-research-models |publisher=NC3RS |access-date=15 February 2016 |date=10 April 2014}}</ref>

=== In art ===

Teleost fishes have been frequent subjects in art, reflecting their economic importance, for at least 14,000 years. They were commonly worked into patterns in [[Art of ancient Egypt|Ancient Egypt]], acquiring [[Classical mythology|mythological significance]] in [[Greek mythology|Ancient Greece]] and [[Roman mythology|Rome]], and from there into [[Christianity]] as a [[Christian symbolism#Ichthys|religious symbol]]; artists in China and Japan similarly use fish images symbolically. Teleosts became common in [[Renaissance art]], with [[still life]] paintings reaching a peak of popularity in the [[Dutch Golden Age painting|Netherlands in the 17th century]]. In the 20th century, different artists such as [[Paul Klee|Klee]], [[René Magritte|Magritte]], [[Henri Matisse|Matisse]] and [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]] used representations of teleosts to express radically different themes, from attractive to violent.<ref name=Moyle>{{cite journal |last1=Moyle |first1=Peter B. |last2=Moyle |first2=Marilyn A. |title=Introduction to fish imagery in art |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |date=May 1991|volume=31|issue=1 |pages=5–23 |doi=10.1007/bf00002153 |bibcode=1991EnvBF..31....5M |s2cid=33458630}}</ref> The zoologist and artist [[Ernst Haeckel]] painted teleosts and other animals in his 1904 ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]''. Haeckel had become convinced by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] and [[Alexander von Humboldt]] that by making accurate depictions of unfamiliar natural forms, such as from the deep oceans, he could not only discover "the laws of their origin and evolution but also to press into the secret parts of their beauty by sketching and painting".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Richards |first1=Robert J. |title=The Tragic Sense of Ernst Haeckel: His Scientific and Artistic Struggles |url=http://home.uchicago.edu/~rjr6/articles/Kunsthalle2.pdf |publisher=[[University of Chicago]]|access-date=30 April 2016}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines">
Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 003.jpg|Wall painting of fishing, Tomb of Menna the scribe, Thebes, [[Art of ancient Egypt|Ancient Egypt]], {{Circa|1422}}–1411 BC
Antonio tanari, pesci, 1610-30 ca..JPG|[[Italian Renaissance]]: ''Fish'', Antonio Tanari, {{circa|1610}}–1630, in the Medici Villa, [[Poggio a Caiano]]
Willem Ormea & Abraham Willaerts - Vis Stilleven met stormachtige zeeën.jpg|[[Dutch Golden Age painting]]: ''Fish Still Life with Stormy Seas'', [[Willem Ormea]] and [[Abraham Willaerts]], 1636
Mandarin Fish by Bian Shoumin.jpg|''Mandarin Fish'' by Bian Shoumin, [[Qing dynasty]], 18th century
Saito Oniwakamaru.jpg|Saito Oniwakamaru fights a giant carp at the Bishimon waterfall by Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 19th century
Van Gogh - Stillleben mit Makrelen, Zitronen und Tomaten.jpeg|''Still Life with [[Mackerel]], Lemons and Tomato'', [[Vincent van Gogh]], 1886
Haeckel Teleostei.jpg|''Teleostei'' by [[Ernst Haeckel]], 1904. Four species, surrounded by scales<!--Fish scales and dramatically aberrant species (sea dragon, sea horse, angler fish) emphasise the exotic qualities of the group.-->
Haeckel Ostraciontes.jpg|''Ostraciontes'' by Ernst Haeckel, 1904. Ten teleosts, with ''[[Lactoria cornuta]]'' in centre.
Fish Magic.JPG|''Fish Magic'', [[Paul Klee]], oil and watercolour varnished, 1925
</gallery>