Editing Titanium (section)

===Forming and forging===
Commercially pure flat product (sheet, plate) can be formed readily, but processing must take into account of the tendency of the metal to [[springback]]. This is especially true of certain high-strength alloys.<ref>{{cite book|title=AWS G2.4/G2.4M:2007 Guide for the Fusion Welding of Titanium and Titanium Alloys |year=2006 |publisher=American Welding Society |place=Miami |url=http://pdfcast.org/pdf/titanium-design-and-fabrication-handbook-for-industrial-applications |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210022045/http://pdfcast.org/pdf/titanium-design-and-fabrication-handbook-for-industrial-applications |archive-date=10 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Titanium design and fabrication handbook for industrial applications |year=1997 |publisher=Titanium Metals Corporation |location=Dallas |url=http://www.timet.com/design%26fabframe.html |author-link=Titanium Metals Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209014255/http://www.timet.com/design%26fabframe.html |archive-date=9 February 2009 }}</ref> Exposure to the oxygen in air at the elevated temperatures used in forging results in formation of a brittle oxygen-rich metallic surface layer called "[[alpha case]]" that worsens the fatigue properties, so it must be removed by milling, etching, or electrochemical treatment.<ref name='"Chen 2001"'>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=George Z. |last2=Fray |first2=Derek J. |last3=Farthing |first3=Tom W. |year=2001 |title=Cathodic deoxygenation of the alpha case on titanium and alloys in molten calcium chloride |journal=Metall. Mater. Trans.&nbsp;B |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=1041–1052 |doi=10.1007/s11663-001-0093-8 |bibcode=2001MMTB...32.1041C |s2cid=95616531 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11663-001-0093-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The working of titanium is very complicated,<ref name="tm1">{{cite news |url=https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/articles/fabrication-of-titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ |title=Fabrication of Titanium and Titanium Alloys &#124; Total Materia }}</ref><ref name="tig1">{{cite news |url=https://www.titaniuminfogroup.com/forging-process-of-titanium-alloy.html |title=Forging process of Titanium alloy |publisher=Titanium Info Group |date=2020-07-24}}</ref><ref name="ad1">{{cite news |url=https://www.aubertduval.com/wp-media/uploads/2021/06/brochure-titane_2021.pdf |title=TITANIUM FOR DEMANDING MARKETS from ingots to finished parts |date=June 2021 |publisher=Aubert & Duval}}</ref> and may include [[Friction welding]],<ref name="mti1">{{cite news |url=https://blog.mtiwelding.com/linear-friction-welding-for-titanium-forgings |title=Linear Friction Welding: A Solution for Titanium Forgings }}</ref> [[cryo-forging]],<ref name="mdes1">{{cite news |url=https://www.machinedesign.com/materials/article/21179098/ultra-cold-forging-makes-titanium-strong-and-ductile |title=Ultra-Cold Forging Makes Titanium Strong and Ductile |date=21 October 2021 }}</ref> and [[Vacuum arc remelting]].