Editing Transcription factor (section)

=== Potential drug targets ===
{{See also|Therapeutic gene modulation}}

Approximately 10% of currently prescribed drugs directly target the [[nuclear receptor]] class of transcription factors.<ref name="pmid17139284">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL |date=December 2006 |title=How many drug targets are there? |journal=Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=993–6 |doi=10.1038/nrd2199 |pmid=17139284 |s2cid=11979420}}</ref> Examples include [[tamoxifen]] and [[bicalutamide]] for the treatment of [[breast cancer|breast]] and [[prostate cancer]], respectively, and various types of [[Glucocorticoid#Anti-inflammatory|anti-inflammatory]] and [[anabolic steroid|anabolic]] [[steroid]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gronemeyer H, Gustafsson JA, Laudet V |date=November 2004 |title=Principles for modulation of the nuclear receptor superfamily |journal=Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=950–64 |doi=10.1038/nrd1551 |pmid=15520817 |s2cid=205475111}}</ref> In addition, transcription factors are often indirectly modulated by drugs through [[signaling cascade]]s. It might be possible to directly target other less-explored transcription factors such as [[NF-κB#As a drug target|NF-κB]] with drugs.<ref name="pmid8049612">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bustin SA, McKay IA |date=June 1994 |title=Transcription factors: targets for new designer drugs |journal=British Journal of Biomedical Science |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=147–57 |pmid=8049612}}</ref><ref name="pmid7549464">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Butt TR, Karathanasis SK |year=1995 |title=Transcription factors as drug targets: opportunities for therapeutic selectivity |journal=Gene Expression |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=319–36 |pmc=6134363 |pmid=7549464}}</ref><ref name="pmid9755455">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Papavassiliou AG |date=August 1998 |title=Transcription-factor-modulating agents: precision and selectivity in drug design |journal=Molecular Medicine Today |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=358–66 |doi=10.1016/S1357-4310(98)01303-3 |pmid=9755455}}</ref><ref name="pmid15790306">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ghosh D, Papavassiliou AG |year=2005 |title=Transcription factor therapeutics: long-shot or lodestone |journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=691–701 |doi=10.2174/0929867053202197 |pmid=15790306}}</ref> Transcription factors outside the nuclear receptor family are thought to be more difficult to target with [[small molecule]] therapeutics since it is not clear that they are [[drug design#Rational drug discovery|"drugable"]] but progress has been made on Pax2<ref name="pmid28094913">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grimley E, Liao C, Ranghini E, Nikolovska-Coleska Z, Dressler G |year=2017 |title=Inhibition of Pax2 Transcription Activation with a Small Molecule that Targets the DNA Binding Domain |journal=ACS Chemical Biology |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=724–734 |doi=10.1021/acschembio.6b00782 |pmc=5761330 |pmid=28094913}}</ref><ref name="pmid29685496">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grimley E, Dressler GR |year=2018 |title=Are Pax proteins potential therapeutic targets in kidney disease and cancer? |journal=Kidney International |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=259–267 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2018.01.025 |pmc=6054895 |pmid=29685496}}</ref> and the [[notch signaling pathway|notch]] pathway.<ref name="pmid19907488">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moellering RE, Cornejo M, Davis TN, Del Bianco C, Aster JC, Blacklow SC, Kung AL, Gilliland DG, Verdine GL, Bradner JE |date=November 2009 |title=Direct inhibition of the NOTCH transcription factor complex |journal=Nature |volume=462 |issue=7270 |pages=182–8 |bibcode=2009Natur.462..182M |doi=10.1038/nature08543 |pmc=2951323 |pmid=19907488}}
* {{lay source |template=cite magazine |author=Katherine Bagley |date=11 November 2009 |title=New drug target for cancer |url=http://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/56143/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116103443/http://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/56143/ |archive-date=16 November 2009 |magazine=The Scientist}}</ref>