Editing Vocative case (section)

===Slavic languages===

==== Old Church Slavonic ====
[[Old Church Slavonic]] has a distinct vocative case for many stems of singular masculine and feminine nouns, otherwise it is identical to the nominative. When different from the nominative, the vocative is simply formed from the nominative by appending either {{Transliteration|cu|-e}} ({{Transliteration|cu|rabŭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|rabe}} {{gloss|slave}}) or {{Transliteration|cu|-o}} ({{Transliteration|cu|ryba}} : {{Transliteration|cu|rybo}} {{gloss|fish}}), but occasionally {{Transliteration|cu|-u}} ({{Transliteration|cu|krai}} : {{Transliteration|cu|kraju}} {{gloss|border}}, {{Transliteration|cu|synŭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|synu}} {{gloss|son}}, {{Transliteration|cu|vračĭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|vraču}} {{gloss|physician}}) and {{gloss|-i|}} ({{Transliteration|cu|kostĭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|kosti}} {{gloss|bone}}, {{Transliteration|cu|gostĭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|gosti}} {{gloss|guest}}, {{Transliteration|cu|dĭnĭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|dĭni}} {{gloss|day}}, {{Transliteration|cu|kamy}} : {{Transliteration|cu|kameni}} {{gloss|stone}}) appear. Nouns ending with {{Transliteration|cu|-ĭcĭ}} have a vocative ending of {{Transliteration|cu|-če}} ({{Transliteration|cu|otĭcĭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|otĭče}} {{gloss|father}}, {{Transliteration|cu|kupĭcĭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|kupĭče}} {{gloss|merchant}}), likewise nouns ending with {{Transliteration|cu|-dzĭ}} assume the vocative suffix {{Transliteration|cu|-že}} ({{Transliteration|cu|kŭnědzĭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|kŭněže}} {{gloss|prince}}). This is similar to Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, and Sanskrit, which also employ the ''-e'' suffix in vocatives.<ref>{{cite book | author-link=Franz Miklosich |first=Franz |last=Miklosich | title=Vergleichende Grammatik der slavischen Sprachen | volume=3 | year=1876 | page=3 | location=Wien | publisher=W. Braumüller | url=http://archive.org/details/vergleichendegra03mikluoft/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author-link=Vaclav Vondrak |first=Vaclav |last=Vondrak | title=Altkirchenslavische Grammatik | edition=2nd | year=1912 | url=http://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/BV005043090/ft/bsb00090087 | pages=397}}</ref>

====Bulgarian====
Unlike most other [[Slavic languages]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] has lost case marking for nouns. However, Bulgarian preserves vocative forms. Traditional male names usually have a vocative ending.

{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative 
!Vocative
|-
|{{lang|bg|Петър|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Petar}}
|{{lang|bg|Петр'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Petr'''e'''}}
|-
|{{lang|bg|Тодор|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Todor}}
|{{lang|bg|Тодор'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Todor'''e'''}}
|-
|{{lang|bg|Иван|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Ivan}}
|{{lang|bg|Иван'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Ivan'''e'''}}
|}

More-recent names and foreign names may have a vocative form but it is rarely used ({{lang|bg|Ричарде|italic=no}}, instead of simply {{lang|bg|Ричард|italic=no}} Richard, sounds unusual or humorous to native speakers).

Vocative phrases like {{lang|bg|господине министре|italic=no}} (Mr. Minister) have been almost completely replaced by nominative forms, especially in official writing. Proper nouns usually also have vocative forms, but they are used less frequently. Here are some proper nouns that are frequently used in vocative:

{| class="wikitable"
!English word
!Nominative
!Vocative
|-
|God
|{{lang|bg|Бог|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Bog}}
|{{lang|bg|Бож'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Bozh'''e'''}}
|-
|Lord
|{{lang|bg|Господ|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Gospod}}
|{{lang|bg|Господ'''и'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Gospod'''i'''}}
|-
|Jesus Christ
|{{lang|bg|Исус Христос|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Isus Hristos}}
|{{lang|bg|Исус'''е'''|italic=no}} {{lang|bg|Христ'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Isus'''e''' Hrist'''e'''}}
|-
|comrade
|{{lang|bg|другар|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|drugar}}
|{{lang|bg|другар'''ю'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|drugar'''yu'''}}
|-
|priest
|{{lang|bg|поп|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|pop}}
|{{lang|bg|поп'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|pop'''e'''}}
|-
|frog
|{{lang|bg|жаба|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|zhaba}}
|{{lang|bg|жаб'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|zhab'''o'''}}
|-
|fool
|{{lang|bg|глупак|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|glupak}}
|{{lang|bg|глупак'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|glupak'''o'''}}
|}

Vocative case forms also normally exist for female given names:
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
!Vocative
|-
|{{lang|bg|Елена|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Elena}}
|{{lang|bg|Елен'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Elen'''o'''}}
|-
|{{lang|bg|Пена|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Pena}}
|{{lang|bg|Пен'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Pen'''o'''}}
|-
|{{lang|bg|Елица|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Elitsa}}
|{{lang|bg|Елиц'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Elits'''e'''}}
|-
|{{lang|bg|Радка|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Radka}}
|{{lang|bg|Радк'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Radk'''e'''}}
|}

Except for forms that end in -{{lang|bg|е}}, they are considered rude and are normally avoided. For female kinship terms, the vocative is always used:
{| class="wikitable"
!English word
!Nominative
!Vocative
|-
|Grandmother
|{{lang|bg|Баба|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Baba}}
|{{lang|bg|Баб'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Bab'''o'''}}
|-
|Mom
|{{lang|bg|Майка|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Mayka}}<br/> Мама {{Transliteration|bg|Mama}}
|{{lang|bg|Майк'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg| Mayk'''o'''}}<br/>{{lang|bg|Мам'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Mam'''o'''}}
|-
|Aunt
|{{lang|bg|Леля|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Lelya}}
|{{lang|bg|Лел'''ьо'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Lel'''yo'''}}
|-
|Sister
|{{lang|bg|Сестра|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Sestra}}
|{{lang|bg|Сестр'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Sestr'''o'''}}
|}

====Czech====
In [[Czech language|Czech]], the vocative ({{lang|cs|vokativ}}, or {{lang|cs|5. pád}} – {{gloss|the fifth case}}) usually differs from the nominative in masculine and feminine nouns in the singular.

{| class="wikitable"
 ![[Nominative case]]
 !Vocative case
 !Gloss
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Feminine
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|paní Eva}} 
 |{{lang|cs|paní Ev'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Ms Eve}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|knížka}}
 |{{lang|cs|knížk'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|little book}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|Marie}}
 |{{lang|cs|Marie!}}
 |{{gloss|Mary}}
|-
 |{{lang|cs|nová píseň}}
 |{{lang|cs|nová písn'''i'''!}}
 |{{gloss|new song}}
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Masculine
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|pan {{Not a typo|profesor}}}}
 |{{lang|cs|pan'''e''' profesor'''e'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Mr Professor}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|Ježíš}}
 |{{lang|cs|Ježíš'''i'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Jesus}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|Marek}}
 |{{lang|cs|Mark'''u'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Mark}}
|-
 |{{lang|cs|předseda}}
 |{{lang|cs|předsed'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|chairman}}
|-
 |{{lang|cs|pan žalobce}}
 |{{lang|cs|pan'''e''' žalobce!}}
 |{{gloss|Mr complainant}}
|-
 |{{lang|cs|blbec}}
 |{{lang|cs|blbč'''e'''!}}
 |{{gloss|dunce}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|Jiří}}
 |{{lang|cs|Jiří!}}
 |{{gloss|George}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|pan Dobrý}}
 |{{lang|cs|pan'''e''' Dobrý!}}
 |{{gloss|Mr Good}}
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Neuter
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|moje rodné město}}
 |{{lang|cs|moje rodné město!}}
 |{{gloss|my native city}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|jitřní moře}}
 |{{lang|cs|jitřní moře!}}
 |{{gloss|morning sea}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|otcovo obydlí}}
 |{{lang|cs|otcovo obydlí!}}
 |{{gloss|father's dwelling}}
|-
|}

In older common Czech (19th century), vocative form was sometimes replaced by nominative form in case of female names ({{lang|cs|Lojzka, dej pokoj!}}) and in case of male nouns past a title ({{lang|cs|pane učitel!}}, {{lang|cs|pane továrník!}}, {{lang|cs|pane Novák!}}). This phenomenon was caused mainly by the German influence,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Vilém |last=Mathesius |url=http://nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?art=2022 |title=Nominativ místo vokativu v hovorové češtině |journal=Naše řeč |volume=7 |year=1923 |issue=5 |pages=138–140 |language=cs}}</ref> and almost disappeared from the modern Czech. It can be felt as rude, discourteous or uncultivated, or as familiar, and is associated also with Slovakian influence (from the Czechoslovak Army) or Russian.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tereza |last=Filinová |url=https://www.radio.cz/cz/rubrika/cestina/paty-pad-jde-to-z-kopce |title=Pátý pád: jde to z kopce? |work=Radio Prague International |date=9 September 2007}}</ref> In informal speech, it is common (but grammatically incorrect<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rozhlas.cz/plzen/jazykovykoutek/_zprava/oslovovani-v-cestine--908154 |first1=Květa |last1=Bodollová |first2=Martin |last2=Prošek |work=Český Rozhlas |title= Oslovování v češtině |date=31 May 2011 }}</ref>) to use the male [[surname]] (see also [[Czech name]]) in the nominative to address men: ''pane Novák!'' instead of ''pane Nováku!'' (Female surnames are [[adjective]]s, and their nominative and vocative have the same form: see [[Czech declension]].) Using the vocative is strongly recommended in official and written styles.

====Polish====
In [[Polish language|Polish]], the vocative ({{lang|pl|wołacz}}) is formed with feminine nouns usually taking {{lang|pl|-o}} except those that end in {{lang|pl|-sia}}, {{lang|pl|-cia}}, {{lang|pl|-nia}}, and {{lang|pl|-dzia}}, which take {{lang|pl|-u}}, and those that end in {{lang|pl|-ść}}, which take {{lang|pl|-i}}. Masculine nouns generally follow the complex pattern of the [[locative case#Polish|locative case]], with the exception of a handful of words such as {{lang|pl|[[Wiktionary:Bóg|Bóg → Boże]]}} {{gloss|God}}, {{lang|pl|[[Wiktionary:ojciec|ojciec → ojcze]]}} {{gloss|father}} and {{lang|pl|[[Wiktionary:chłopiec|chłopiec → chłopcze]]}} {{gloss|boy}}. Neuter nouns and all plural nouns have the same form in the nominative and the vocative:

{| class="wikitable"
 ! [[Nominative case]]
 ! Vocative case
 ! Gloss
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Feminine
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Pani Ewa}}
 |{{lang|pl|Pani Ew'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Mrs Eve}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Ewusia}}
 |{{lang|pl|Ewusi'''u'''!}}
 |{{gloss|diminutive form of {{lang|pl|Ewa}})
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|ciemność}}
 |{{lang|pl|ciemnośc'''i'''!}}
 |{{gloss|darkness}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|książka}}
 |{{lang|pl|książk'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|book}}
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Masculine
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Pan profesor}}
 |{{lang|pl|Pan'''ie''' profesor'''ze'''!}} 
 |{{gloss|Mr. Professor}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Krzysztof}}
 |{{lang|pl|Krzysztof'''ie!'''}}
 |{{gloss|Christopher!}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Krzyś}}
 |{{lang|pl|Krzys'''iu'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Chris}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|wilk}}
 |{{lang|pl|wilk'''u'''!}}
 |{{gloss|wolf}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|człowiek}}
 |{{lang|pl|człowiek'''u'''!}}<br/>{{lang|pl|człowie'''cze'''!}} (poetic)
 |{{gloss|human}}
|}

The latter form of the vocative of {{lang|pl|człowiek}} {{gloss|human}} is now considered poetical.

The [[nominative]] is increasingly used instead of the vocative to address people with their proper names. In other contexts the vocative remains prevalent. It is used:
*To address an individual with the function, title, other attribute, family role
**{{lang|pl|Panie doktorze}} (Doctor!), {{lang|pl|Panie prezesie!}} (Chairman!)
**{{lang|pl|Przybywasz za późno, pływaku}} (You arrive too late, swimmer)
**{{lang|pl|synu}} (son), {{lang|pl|mamo}} (mum), {{lang|pl|tato}} (dad)
*After [[adjectives]], [[demonstrative]] pronouns and [[possessive pronoun]]s
**{{lang|pl|Nie rozumiesz mnie, moja droga Basiu!}} (You don't understand me, my dear Basia!)
*To address an individual in an offensive or condescending manner:
**{{lang|pl|Zamknij się, pajac'''u'''!}} ("Shut up, you buffoon!")
**{{lang|pl|Co się gapisz, idiot'''o'''?}} ("What are you staring at, idiot?")
**{{lang|pl|Nie znasz się, baran'''ie''', to nie pisz!}} ("Stop writing, idiot, you don't know what you're doing!")
**{{lang|pl|Spadaj, wieśniak'''u'''!}} ("Get lost, hillbilly!")
*After "Ty" (second person singular pronoun)
**{{lang|pl|Ty kłamczuchu!}} (You liar!)
*Set expressions:
**{{lang|pl|(O) Matko!, (O) Boże!, chłopie}}

The vocative is also often employed in affectionate and endearing contexts such as {{lang|pl|Kocham Cię, Krzysiu!}} ("I love you, Chris!") or {{lang|pl|Tęsknię za Tobą, moja Żono}} ("I miss you, my wife."). In addition, the vocative form sometimes takes the place of the nominative in informal conversations: {{lang|pl|Józiu przyszedł}} instead of {{lang|pl|Józio przyszedł}} ("Joey's arrived"). When referring to someone by their first name, the nominative commonly takes the place of the vocative as well: {{lang|pl|Ania, chodź tu!}} instead of {{lang|pl|Aniu, chodź tu!}} ("Anne, come here!").

====Russian====
=====Historic vocative=====
The historic Slavic vocative has been lost in [[Russian language|Russian]] and is now used only in archaic expressions. Several of them, mostly of [[Old Church Slavonic]] origin, are common in colloquial Russian: "{{lang|ru|Боже!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Bože}}, vocative of "{{lang|ru|Бог|italic=no}}" {{Transliteration|ru|Bog}}, "God") and "{{lang|ru|Боже мой!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Bože moj}}, "My God!"), and "{{lang|ru|Господи!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Gospodi}}, vocative of "{{lang|ru|Господь|italic=no}}" {{Transliteration|ru|Gospodj}}, "Lord"), which can also be expressed as "{{lang|ru|Господи Иисусе!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Gospodi Iisuse!}}, {{Transliteration|ru|Iisuse}} vocative of "{{lang|ru|Иисус|italic=no}}" {{Transliteration|ru|Iisus}}, "Jesus"). The vocative is also used in prayers: "{{lang|ru|Отче наш!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Otče naš}}, "Our Father!"), or the Russian version of the [[Jesus Prayer]] ("Господ'''и''' Иисус'''е''' Христ'''е'''"). Such expressions are used to express strong emotions (much like English "O my God!"), and are often combined ("{{lang|ru|Господи, Боже мой|italic=no}}"). More examples of the historic vocative can be found in other Biblical quotes that are sometimes used as proverbs: "{{lang|ru|Врачу, исцелися сам|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Vraču, iscelisia sam}}, "Physician, heal thyself", nom. "{{lang|ru|врач|italic=no}}", {{Transliteration|ru|vrač}}). Vocative forms are also used in modern [[Church Slavonic]]. The patriarch and bishops of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] are addressed as "{{lang|ru|владыко|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|vladyko}}, hegemon, nom. "{{lang|ru|владыка|italic=no}}", {{Transliteration|ru|vladyka}}). In the latter case, the vocative is often also incorrectly used for the nominative to refer to bishops and patriarchs. These Old Church Slavonic words that are present in the current Russian language are known as "[[fossil word]]s".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bated,' 'Shod,' 'Boon,' and 7 Other Fossil Words |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/fossil-words |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>

=====New vocative=====
In modern colloquial Russian, [[given names]] and a small family of terms often take a special "shortened" form that some linguists consider to be a re-emerging vocative case.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parrott |first1=Lilli |title=Vocatives and Other Direct Address Forms: A Contrastive Study |journal=Oslo Studies in Language |date=2010 |volume=2 |issue=1 |doi=10.5617/osla.68|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is used only for given names and nouns that end in {{lang|ru|-a|italic=no}} and {{lang|ru|-я|italic=no}}, which are sometimes dropped in the vocative form: "{{lang|ru|Лен, где ты?|italic=no}}" ("Lena, where are you?"). It is basically equivalent to "{{lang|ru|Лена, где ты?|italic=no}}" but suggests a positive personal and emotional bond between the speaker and the person being addressed. Names that end in {{lang|ru|-я|italic=no}} then acquire a [[soft sign]]: "{{lang|ru|Оль!|italic=no}}" = "{{lang|ru|Оля!|italic=no}}" ("Olga!"). In addition to given names, the form is often used with words like "{{lang|ru|мама|italic=no}}" (mom) and "{{lang|ru|папа|italic=no}}" (dad), which would be respectively shortened to "{{lang|ru|мам|italic=no}}" and "{{lang|ru|пап|italic=no}}". The plural form is used with words such as "{{lang|ru|ребят|italic=no}}", "{{lang|ru|девчат|italic=no}}" (nom: "{{lang|ru|ребята|italic=no}}", "{{lang|ru|девчата|italic=no}}" guys, gals).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Andersen |first1=Henning |title=The New Russian Vocative: Synchrony, Diachrony, Typology |journal=[[Scando-Slavica]] |date=2012 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=122–167 |doi=10.1080/00806765.2012.669918|s2cid=119842000 }}</ref>

Such usage differs from the historic vocative, which would be "{{lang|ru|Лено|italic=no}}" and is not related.

==== Serbo-Croatian ====
In [[Serbo-Croatian]] languages, distinct vocatives exist only for singular masculine and feminine nouns. Nouns of the neuter gender and all nouns in plural have a vocative equal to the [[Nominative case|nominative]]. All vocative suffixes known from [[Old Church Slavonic]] also exist in Serbo-Croatian.<ref name="gramatika1997">{{cite book |last1= Barić |first1= Eugenija |last2= Lončarić |first2= Mijo |last3= Malić |first3= Dragica |last4= Pavešić |first4= Slavko |last5= Peti |first5= Mirko |last6= Zečević |first6= Vesna |last7= Znika |first7= Marija |title= Hrvatska gramatika |publisher= [[Školska knjiga]] |year= 1997 |isbn= 953-0-40010-1 }}</ref>

The vocative in Serbo-Croatian is formed according to one of three types of [[declension]], which are classes of nouns with the same declension suffixes.<ref>{{citation | author=[[Ivan Klajn]] | title=Gramatika srpskog jezika | publisher=Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva | location=Beograd | year=2005 | pages=50 ff}}</ref>

===== First declension =====
The first declension comprises masculine nouns that end with a consonant. These have a vocative suffix of either {{lang|sh|-e}} ({{lang|sh|doktor : doktore}} {{gloss|doctor}}) or {{lang|sh|-u}} ({{lang|sh|gospodar : gospodaru}} {{gloss|master}}).

Nouns terminating in {{lang|sh|-or}} have the {{lang|sh|-e}} vocative suffix: {{lang|sh|doktor : doktore}} {{gloss|doctor}}, {{lang|sh|major : majore}} {{gloss|major}}, {{lang|sh|majstor : majstore}} {{gloss|artisan}}, as well as nouns possessing an unsteady {{lang|sh|a}}: {{lang|sh|vetar : vetre}} {{gloss|wind}}, {{lang|sh|svekar : svekre}} {{gloss|father-in-law}}, and the noun {{lang|sh|car : care}} {{gloss|emperor}}. All other nouns in this class form the vocative with {{lang|sh|-u}}: {{lang|sh|gospodar : gospodaru}} {{gloss|master}}, {{lang|sh|pastir : pastiru}} {{gloss|shepherd}}, {{lang|sh|inženjer : inženjeru}} {{gloss|engineer}}, {{lang|sh|pisar : pisaru}} {{gloss|scribe}}, {{lang|sh|sekretar : sekretaru}} {{gloss|secretary}}.

In particular, masculine nouns ending with a [[Palatal consonant|palatal]] or prepalatal consonant {{lang|sh|j, lj, nj, č, dž, ć, đ}} or {{lang|sh|š}} form vocatives with the {{lang|sh|-u}} suffix: {{lang|sh|heroj : heroju}} {{gloss|hero}}, {{lang|sh|prijatelj : prijatelju}} {{gloss|friend}}, {{lang|sh|konj : konju}} {{gloss|horse}}, {{lang|sh|vozač : vozaču}} {{gloss|driver}}, {{lang|sh|mladić : mladiću}} {{gloss|youngster}}, {{lang|sh|kočijaš : kočijašu}} {{gloss|coachman}}, {{lang|sh|muž : mužu}} {{gloss|husband}}.

Nouns ending with the [[velars]] {{lang|sh|-k, -g}} and {{lang|sh|-h}} are [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalized]] to {{lang|sh|-č, -ž, -š}} in the vocative: {{lang|cs|vojnik : vojniče}} {{gloss|soldier}}, {{lang|cs|drug : druže}} {{gloss|comrade}}, {{lang|sh|duh : duše}} {{gloss|ghost}}. A final {{lang|sh|-c}} becomes {{lang|sh|-č}} in the vocative: {{lang|sh|stric : striče}} {{gloss|uncle}}, {{lang|sh|lovac : lovče}} {{gloss|hunter}}. Likewise, a final {{lang|sh|-z}} becomes {{lang|sh|-ž}} in only two cases: {{lang|sh|knez : kneže}} {{gloss|prince}} and {{lang|sh|vitez : viteže}} {{gloss|knight}}.

The loss of the unsteady {{lang|sh|a}} can trigger a [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|sound change by hardening consonants]], as in {{lang|sh|vrabac : vrapče}} {{gloss|sparrow}} (not {{lang|sh|*vrabče}}), {{lang|sh|lisac : lišče}} {{gloss|male fox}} (not {{lang|sh|*lisče}}) and {{lang|sh|ženomrzac : ženomršče}} {{gloss|misogynist}} (not {{lang|sh|*ženomrzče}}). There may be a loss of {{lang|sh|-t}} before {{lang|sh|-c}} like in {{lang|sh|otac : oče}} {{gloss|father}} (instead of {{lang|sh|*otče}}), {{lang|sh|svetac : sveče}} {{gloss|saint}} (instead of {{lang|sh|*svetče}}). When these phonetic alterations would substantially change the base noun, the vocative remains equal to the nominative, for example {{lang|sh|tetak}} {{gloss|uncle}}, {{lang|sh|mačak}} {{gloss|male cat}}, {{lang|sh|bratac}} {{gloss|cousin}}. This also holds true for foreign names ending with {{lang|sh|-k, -g}} and {{lang|sh|-h}} like {{lang|sh|Džek}} {{gloss|Jack}}, {{lang|sh|Dag}} {{gloss|Doug}}, {{lang|sh|King, Hajnrih}}.

Male names ending with {{lang|sh|-o}} and {{lang|sh|-e}} have a vocative equal to the nominative, for example: {{lang|sh|Marko, Mihailo, Danilo, Đorđe, Pavle, Radoje}}.

===== Second declension =====
The second declension affects nouns with the ending ''{{lang|sh|-a}}''. These are mainly of feminine but sometimes also of masculine gender. These nouns have a vocative suffix ''{{lang|sh|-o}}'': {{lang|sh|riba : ribo}} {{gloss|fish}}, {{lang|sh|sluga : slugo}} {{gloss|servant}}, {{lang|sh|kolega : kolego}} {{gloss|colleague}}, {{lang|sh|poslovođa : poslovođo}} {{gloss|manager}}.

Exemptions to this rule are male and female given names, which have a vocative equal to the nominative, e. g. {{lang|sh|Vera, Zorka, Olga, Marija, Gordana, Nataša, Nikola, Kosta, Ilija}} etc. However, this is different for twosyllabic names with an ascending accent such as female names {{lang|sh|Nâda, Zôra, Mîca, Nêna}} and male names {{lang|sh|Pêra, Bôža, Pâja}}, etc., which form vocatives with ''{{lang|sh|-o}}'': {{lang|sh|Nâdo, Zôro, Mîco, Pêro, Bôžo, Pâjo}}, etc.

Denominations of relatives like {{lang|sh|mama}} {{gloss|mom}}, {{lang|sh|tata}} {{gloss|dad}}, ''{{lang|sh|baba}}'' {{gloss|grandmother}}, {{lang|sh|deda}} {{gloss|grandfather}}, {{lang|sh|tetka}} {{gloss|aunt}} (parent's sister), ''{{lang|sh|ujna}}'' {{gloss|aunt}} (mother's brother's wife), ''{{lang|sh|strina}}'' {{gloss|aunt}} (father's brother's wife) have vocatives equal to the nominative. This also holds true for country names ending in ''{{lang|sh|-ska, -čka, -ška}}''.

Nouns ending with the [[diminutive]] suffix ''-ica'' that consist of three or more syllables have a vocative with ''-e'': ''učiteljica: učiteljice'' "female teacher", ''drugarica: drugarice'' "girlfriend", ''tatica: tatice'' "daddy", ''mamica: mamice'' "mommy". This also applies to female names ''Danica: Danice'', ''Milica: Milice'', ''Zorica: Zorice'', and the male names ''Perica: Perice'', ''Tomica: Tomice''. Nouns of this class that can be applied to both males and females usually have a vocative ending of ''-ico'' (''pijanica: pijanico'' "drunkard", ''izdajica: izdajico'' "traitor", ''kukavica: kukavico'' "coward"), but vocatives with ''-ice'' are also seen.

The use of vocative endings for names varies among Serbo-Croatian dialects. People in [[Croatia]] often use only nominative forms as vocatives, while others are more likely to use grammatical vocatives.<ref name="osobnaimena">{{cite web|url=https://repozitorij.ffos.hr/islandora/object/ffos%3A3127/datastream/PDF/view|title=Vokativ osobnih imena u hrvatskom jeziku|author=Alen Orlić|publisher=[[University of Osijek]]|date=2011|language=hr|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>

===== Third declension =====
The third declension affects feminine nouns ending with a consonant. The vocative is formed by appending the suffix ''{{lang|sh|-i}}'' to the nominative ({{lang|sh|reč : reči}} {{gloss|word}}, {{lang|sh|noć : noći}} {{gloss|night}}).

====Slovak====
Until the end of the 1980s, the existence of a distinct vocative case in [[Slovak language|Slovak]] was recognised and taught at schools. Today, the case is no longer considered to exist except for a few archaic examples of the original vocative remaining in religious, literary or ironic contexts:
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
|-
|{{lang|sk|Boh}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|Bože}}
|God
|{{lang|sk|Ježiš}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|Ježišu}}
|Jesus
|{{lang|sk|mama}} ''f.''
|{{lang|sk|mamo}}
|mother
|-
|{{lang|sk|Kristus}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|Kriste}}
|Christ
|{{lang|sk|priateľ}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|priateľu}}
|friend
|{{lang|sk|žena}} ''f.''
|{{lang|sk|ženo}}
|woman
|-
|{{lang|sk|pán}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|pane}}
|lord
|{{lang|sk|brat}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|bratu}}, {{lang|sk|bratku}}
|brother
|
|
|
|-
|{{lang|sk|otec}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|otče}}
|father
|{{lang|sk|syn}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|synu}}, {{lang|sk|synku}}
|son
|
|
|
|-
|{{lang|sk|človek}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|človeče}}
|man, human
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{lang|sk|chlap}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|chlape}}
|man
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{lang|sk|chlapec}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|chlapče}}
|boy
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
In everyday use, the Czech vocative is sometimes retrofitted to certain words:
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
|-
|{{lang|sk|majster}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|majstre}}
|maestro
|-
|{{lang|sk|šéf}}  ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|šéfe}}
|boss
|-
|{{lang|sk|švagor}}  ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|švagre}}
|brother-in-law
|}
Another stamp of vernacular vocative is emerging, presumably under the influence of [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] for certain family members or proper names:
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
|-
|{{lang|sk|otec}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|oci}}
|father
|-
|{{lang|sk|mama}} ''f.''
|{{lang|sk|mami}}
|mother
|-
|{{lang|sk|babka}} ''f.''
|{{lang|sk|babi}}
|grandmother, old woman
|-
|{{lang|sk|Paľo}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|Pali}}
|Paul, domestic form
|-
|{{lang|sk|Zuza}} ''f.''
|{{lang|sk|Zuzi}}
|Susan, domestic form
|}

====Ukrainian====
[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] has retained the vocative case mostly as it was in [[Proto-Slavic]]:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160219104424/http://pgasa.dp.ua/a/files/metodukr18/mps/mp5.pdf Methodical instructions for learning vocative case in Ukrainian professional speech]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Masculine nouns
! colspan="3" |Feminine nouns
|-
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
|-
|{{lang|uk|бог|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|boh}}
|{{lang|uk|боже|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|bože}}
|god
|{{lang|uk|матуся|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|matusja}}
|{{lang|uk|матусю|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|matusju}}
|minnie
|-
|{{lang|uk|друг|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|druh}}
|{{lang|uk|друже|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|druže}}
|friend
|{{lang|uk|неня|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|nenja}}
|{{lang|uk|нене|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|nene}}
|nanny
|-
|{{lang|uk|брат|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|brat}}
|{{lang|uk|брате|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|brate}}
|brother
|{{lang|uk|бабця|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|babcja}}
|{{lang|uk|бабцю|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|babcju}}
|granny
|-
|{{lang|uk|чоловік|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|čolovik}}
|{{lang|uk|чоловіче|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|čoloviče}}
|man
|{{lang|uk|жінка|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|žinka}}
|{{lang|uk|жінко|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|žinko}}
|woman
|-
|{{lang|uk|хлопець|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|chlopec'}}
|{{lang|uk|хлопче|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|chlopče}}
|boy
|{{lang|uk|дружина|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|družyna}}
|{{lang|uk|дружино|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|družyno}}
|wife
|-
|{{lang|uk|святий отець|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|svjatyj otec}}'
|{{lang|uk|святий отче|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|svjatyj otče}}
|Holy Father
|{{lang|uk|дівчина|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|divčyna}}
|{{lang|uk|дівчино|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|divčyno}}
|girl
|-
|{{lang|uk|пан|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|pan}}
|{{lang|uk|пане|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|pane}}
|sir, Mr.
|{{lang|uk|сестра|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|sestra}}
|{{lang|uk|сестро|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|sestro}}
|sister
|-
|{{lang|uk|приятель|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|pryjatel'}}
|{{lang|uk|приятелю|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|pryjatelju}}
|fellow
|{{lang|uk|людина|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|ljudyna}}
|{{lang|uk|людино|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|ljudyno}}
|human, person
|-
|{{lang|uk|батько|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|bat'ko}}
|{{lang|uk|батьку|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|bat'ku}}
|father
|
|
|
|-
|{{lang|uk|син|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|syn}}
|{{lang|uk|сину|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|synu}}
|son
|
|
|
|}
There are some exceptions:
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
|-
|{{lang|uk|мати|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|maty}} f.
|{{lang|uk|мамо|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|mamo}}
|mother
|-
|{{lang|uk|божа матір|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|boža matir}} f.
|{{lang|uk|матір божа|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|matir boža}}
|God's Mother
|}
It is used even for loanwords and foreign names:
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
|-
|{{lang|uk|Джон|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Džon}} m.
|{{lang|uk|Джоне|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Džone}}
|John
|-
|{{lang|uk|пан президент|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|pan prezydent}} m.
|{{lang|uk|пане президенте|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|pane prezydente}}
|Mr. President
|}
It is obligatory for all native names:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! colspan="2" |Feminine
|-
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Nominative
!Vocative
|-
|{{lang|uk|Володимир|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Volodymyr}}
|{{lang|uk|Володимире|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Volodymyre}}
|{{lang|uk|Мирослава|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Myroslava}}
|{{lang|uk|Мирославо|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Myroslavo}}
|-
|{{lang|uk|Святослав|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Svjatoslav}}
|{{lang|uk|Святославе|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Svjatoslave}}
|{{lang|uk|Ганна|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Hanna}}
|{{lang|uk|Ганно|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Hanno}}
|}
It is used for patronymics:
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
!Vocative
|-
|{{lang|uk|Андрій Васильович|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Andrij Vasylovyč}} m.
|{{lang|uk|Андрію Васильовичу|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Andriju Vasyliovyču}}
|-
|{{lang|uk|Ірина Богданівна|italic=no}}  {{lang|uk-latn|Iryna Bohdanivna}} f.
|{{lang|uk|Ірино Богданівно|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Iryno Bohdanivno}}
|}