Editing Agenda-setting theory (section)

==== Impact of media on audience and quantum of impact on individuals in audience ====
In an attempt to overcome mirror-image effects of agenda-setting that implied direct influence of media agenda on the audience, several scholars proposed that the model of agenda-setting should include individual/collective audience characteristics or real-world conditions that are likely to affect issue importance.<ref name="Erbring 1980 16–49" /> They discovered that certain individual and group characteristics are likely to act as contingent conditions of [[media impact]] and proposed a model of "audience effects".<ref name="Erbring 1980 16–49">{{cite journal |last=Erbring |first=L |author2=Goldenberg, E.N. |author3=Miller, A.H. |year=1980 |title=Front-page news and real-world cues: A new look at agenda-setting by the media. |journal=American Journal of Political Science |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=16–49 |doi=10.2307/2110923 |jstor=2110923}}</ref> According to the audience-effects model, [[media coverage]] interacts with the audience's pre-existing sensitivities to produce changes in issue concerns. Thus, media effects are contingent on issue-specific audience characteristics.<ref name="Erbring 1980 16–49" />

Another factor that causes variations in the [[correlation]] between the media and public agenda is whether an issue is "obtrusive" or "unobtrusive";<ref name="Rogers 1988 555–594" /> i.e., whether it has a high or low issue threshold.<ref name="Lang 1981 447–468">{{cite journal |last=Lang |first=G.E. |author2=Lang, K. |year=1981 |editor2=de Bock, H. |title=Watergate: An exploration of the agenda-building process |journal=Mass Communication Review Yearbook |volume=2 |pages=447–468 |editor=Wilhout, G.C.}}</ref> Obtrusive, or issues with low threshold, are generally the ones that affect nearly everyone and with which we can have some kind of personal experience (e.g. citywide crime or increases in [[Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing|gasoline prices]]). This type of issues the problem would be of general concern even without attention from the news media.<ref name="Lang">{{cite journal|last=Lang|first=G.E.|author2=Lang, K.|title=Watergate: An exploration of the agenda-building process|editor=Wilhout, G.C.| editor2=de Bock, H.|journal=Mass Communication Review Yearbook|year=1981|volume=2|pages=447–468}}</ref> In regard to unobtrusive issues, this means that the less direct experience people have with an issue, the greater is the news media's influence on public opinion on that issue.<ref name="Rogers 1988 555–594" /><ref name="Lang 1981 447–468" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Zucker|first=H|title=The variable nature of news media influence.|journal=Communication Yearbook|year=1978|volume=2|pages=225–246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell Neuman |first1=W. |last2=Guggenheim |first2=Lauren |last3=Mo Jang |first3=S. |last4=Bae |first4=Soo Young |date=April 2014 |title=The Dynamics of Public Attention: Agenda-Setting Theory Meets Big Data: Dynamics of Public Attention |url=https://academic.oup.com/joc/article/64/2/193-214/4086099 |journal=Journal of Communication |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=193–214 |doi=10.1111/jcom.12088|hdl=2027.42/106877 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>