Editing Animal testing (section)

===Education===
It is estimated that 20 million animals are used annually for educational purposes in the United States including, classroom observational exercises, dissections and live-animal surgeries.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Patronek|first1=G|last2=Rauch|first2=A|title=Systematic review of comparative studies examining alternatives to the harmful use of animals in biomedical education|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|date=1 January 2007|volume=230|issue=1|pages=37–43|doi=10.2460/javma.230.1.37|pmid=17199490}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hart|first1=L|last2=Hart|first2=B|last3=Wood|first3=M|title=Why Dissection: Animal Use in Education|url=https://archive.org/details/whydissectionani0000hart|url-access=registration|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport|isbn=978-0-313-32390-4}}</ref> Frogs, [[fetal pigs]], perch, cats, earthworms, grasshoppers, crayfish and starfish are commonly used in classroom dissections.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Orlans|first1=Barbara|last2=Beauchamp|first2=Tom|author3-link=Rebecca Dresser|last3=Dresser|first3=Rebecca|last4=Morton|first4=David|last5=Gluck|first5=John|title=The Human Use of Animals|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-511908-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/humanuseofanimal0000unse/page/213 213]|url=https://archive.org/details/humanuseofanimal0000unse/page/213}}</ref> Alternatives to the use of animals in classroom dissections are widely used, with many U.S. States and school districts mandating students be offered the choice to not dissect.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Downey|first1=Maureen|title=Should students dissect animals or should schools move to virtual dissections?|url=http://www.ajc.com/weblogs/get-schooled/2013/jun/25/should-students-dissect-animals-or-should-schools-/|access-date=7 July 2015|work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|date=25 June 2013}}</ref> Citing the wide availability of alternatives and the decimation of local frog species, India banned dissections in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pulla|first1=Priyanka|title=Dissections banned in Indian universities|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/dissections-banned-indian-universities|access-date=7 July 2015|agency=Science|date=6 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shine|first1=Nicole|title=The Battle Over High School Animal Dissection|url=https://psmag.com/environment/battle-high-school-animal-dissection-92391|work=Pacific Standard|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref>

The Sonoran Arthropod Institute hosts an annual Invertebrates in Education and Conservation Conference to discuss the use of invertebrates in education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://neurosci.arizona.edu/iecc |title=Invertebrates in Education and Conservation Conference &#124; Department of Neuroscience |publisher=Neurosci.arizona.edu |access-date=2015-04-06 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123040/http://neurosci.arizona.edu/iecc }}</ref> There also are efforts in many countries to find alternatives to using animals in education.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dalal|first1=Rooshin |last2=Even|first2=Megha |last3=Sandusky|first3=Chad |last4=Barnard|first4=Neal |title=Replacement Alternatives in Education: Animal-Free Teaching |url=http://www.pcrm.org/research/animaltestalt/animaltesting/replacement-alternatives-in-education-animal-free |publisher=The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine |access-date=9 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722162218/http://pcrm.org/research/animaltestalt/animaltesting/replacement-alternatives-in-education-animal-free |archive-date=22 July 2014 |format=Abstract from Fifth World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, Berlin |date=August 2005}}</ref> The NORINA database, maintained by Norecopa, lists products that may be used as alternatives or supplements to animal use in education, and in the training of personnel who work with animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oslovet.norecopa.no/NORINA |title=The NORINA database of alternatives |publisher=Oslovet.norecopa.no |access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref> These include alternatives to dissection in schools. [[InterNICHE]] has a similar database and a loans system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interniche.org |title=Welcome |publisher=Interniche.org |access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref>

In November 2013, the U.S.-based company Backyard Brains released for sale to the public what they call the "Roboroach", an "electronic backpack" that can be attached to [[cockroach]]es. The operator is required to amputate a cockroach's [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]], use sandpaper to wear down the shell, insert a wire into the [[thorax]], and then glue the [[electrode]]s and [[Printed circuit board|circuit board]] onto the insect's back. A [[Mobile app|mobile phone app]] can then be used to control it via [[Bluetooth]].<ref name="BBC 09-11-13">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-24455141|title=Row over US mobile phone 'cockroach backpack' app|work=BBC News|date=9 November 2013|access-date=9 November 2013}}</ref> It has been suggested that the use of such a device may be a teaching aid that can promote interest in science. The makers of the "Roboroach" have been funded by the [[National Institute of Mental Health]] and state that the device is intended to encourage children to become interested in [[neuroscience]].<ref name="BBC 09-11-13" /><ref name="Time 01-11-13">{{cite magazine|url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2013/11/01/cyborg-cockroaches-are-coming-but-not-if-peta-has-anything-to-say-about-it/|title=Resistance is Futile: PETA Attempts to Halt the Sale of Remote-Controlled Cyborg Cockroaches|magazine=Time|date=1 November 2013|author =Hamilton, Anita|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>