Editing Anti-Americanism (section)

=====France=====
In France, the term [[Anglo-Saxon world|"Anglo-Saxon"]] is often used in expressions of anti-Americanism or [[Anglophobia]]. French writers have also used it in more nuanced ways in discussions about French decline, especially as an alternative model to which France should aspire, how France should adjust to its two most prominent global competitors, and how it should deal with social and economic modernization.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chabal | first1 = Emile | date = Spring 2013 | title = The Rise of the Anglo-Saxon: French Perceptions of the Anglo-American World in the Long Twentieth Century | journal = French Politics, Culture & Society | volume = 31 | issue = 1| pages = 24–46 | doi=10.3167/fpcs.2013.310102}}</ref>

The [[First Indochina War]] in [[Indochina]] and the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956 caused dismay among the French right, which was already angered by the lack of American support during [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien Bien Phu in 1954]]. For the Socialists and Communists of the [[French left]], it was the [[Vietnam War]] and U.S. imperialism that were the sources of resentment.<ref name="test">{{cite book|author=Brendon O'Connor|title=Anti-Americanism: In the 21st century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJkMN0hjOw8C|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-84645-027-3|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YJkMN0hjOw8C&pg=PA53 53]|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJkMN0hjOw8C|url-status=live}}</ref> Much later, the alleged [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction in Iraq]] affair further dirtied the previously favorable image. In 2008, 85% of the French people considered the American government and banks to be most liable for the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>[http://www.csa-fr.com/dataset/data2008/opi20081002-l-opinion-des-francais-sur-la-crise-financiere-internationale.htm In France, 85 % French consider the US banks and government as responsible for the current crisis, published poll, 10/05/2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010002832/http://www.csa-fr.com/dataset/data2008/opi20081002-l-opinion-des-francais-sur-la-crise-financiere-internationale.htm|date=10 October 2009}}</ref>

In her contribution to the book ''Anti-Americanisms in World Politics'' edited by Peter Katzenstein and Robert Keohane in 2006, [[Sophie Meunier]] wrote about French anti-Americanism. She contends that although it has a long history (older than the U.S. itself) and is the most easily recognizable anti-Americanism in Europe, it may not have had real policy consequences on the United States and thus may have been less damaging than more pernicious and invisible anti-Americanism in other countries.<ref>[http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/cup_detail.taf?ti_id=4604 Book Review: Anti-Americanisms in world politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726062910/http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/cup_detail.taf?ti_id=4604 |date=26 July 2017 }}, Cornell University Press.</ref>

In 2013, 36% viewed the U.S. in a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" light.<ref name="pew">{{cite web|title=Opinion of the United States|work=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/custom-analysis/|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=23 December 2013|archive-date=22 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622020858/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/database/custom-analysis/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Richard Kuisel, an American scholar, has explored how France partly embraced American consumerism while rejecting much of American power and values. He wrote in 2013 that:

{{blockquote|America functioned as the "other" in configuring French identity. To be French was not to be American. Americans were conformists, materialists, racists, violent, and vulgar. The French were individualists, idealists, tolerant, and civilized. Americans adored wealth; the French worshiped {{sic}} ''la douceur de vivre.'' This caricature of America, which was already broadly endorsed at the beginning of the century, served to reinforce French national identity. At the end of the twentieth century, the French strategy [was to use] America as a foil, as a way of defining themselves as well as everything from their social policies to their notion of what constituted culture.<ref>Richard Kuisel, "The French Way: How France Embraced and Rejected American Values and Power," ''H-France Forum'' (Spring 2013) 8#4 pp 41–45 [http://www.h-france.net/forum/forumvol8/Kuisel5.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825182224/http://h-france.net/forum/forumvol8/Kuisel5.pdf |date=25 August 2016 }}, referencing his major book, ''The French Way: How France Embraced and Rejected American Values and Power'' (2012) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sm7n online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805144243/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sm7n |date=5 August 2018 }}</ref>}}

In October 2016, French President [[François Hollande]] said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google or digital giants which do not pay the taxes they should in Europe, America takes offence. And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank." French bank [[BNP Paribas]] was fined in 2014 for violating [[United States sanctions against Iran|U.S. sanctions against Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |title=France's Hollande criticises huge U.S. fines against corporate Europe |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/france-politics-usa-idUSL8N1CI3B9 |work=Reuters |date=October 12, 2016 |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308201655/https://www.reuters.com/article/france-politics-usa-idUSL8N1CI3B9 |url-status=live }}</ref>