Editing Deep brain stimulation (section)

=== Tourette syndrome ===
{{further|Management of Tourette syndrome}}
DBS has been used experimentally for individuals with severe [[Tourette syndrome]] that do not respond to conventional treatment. Despite early successes, DBS remains a highly [[Biomedical research|experimental]] procedure for the illness, with more study needed to fully understand its clinical effects.<ref name=Singer2011>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-52014-2.00046-X |chapter=Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders |title=Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |year=2011 | vauthors = Singer HS |volume=100 |pages=641–657 |pmid=21496613 |isbn=978-0-444-52014-2 }} Also see {{cite journal | vauthors = Singer HS | title = Tourette's syndrome: from behaviour to biology | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 149–159 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15721825 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)01012-4 | doi-broken-date = 3 April 2025 | s2cid = 20181150 }}</ref><ref name=Robertson2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robertson MM | title = Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: the complexities of phenotype and treatment | journal = British Journal of Hospital Medicine | volume = 72 | issue = 2 | pages = 100–107 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21378617 | doi = 10.12968/hmed.2011.72.2.100 }}</ref><ref name=Du2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Du JC, Chiu TF, Lee KM, Wu HL, Yang YC, Hsu SY, Sun CS, Hwang B, Leckman JF | display-authors = 6 | title = Tourette syndrome in children: an updated review | journal = Pediatrics and Neonatology | volume = 51 | issue = 5 | pages = 255–264 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20951354 | doi = 10.1016/S1875-9572(10)60050-2 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>[[Tourette Association of America|Tourette Syndrome Association]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20051122154536/http://tsa-usa.org/news/DBS-Statement.htm Statement: Deep Brain Stimulation and Tourette Syndrome.] Retrieved November 22, 2005.</ref> The procedure is well tolerated, but complications include "short battery life, abrupt symptom worsening upon cessation of stimulation, hypomanic or manic conversion, and the significant time and effort involved in optimizing stimulation parameters".<ref name=Malone>{{cite book |chapter=Behavioral neurosurgery |pages=241–247 |chapter-url={{Google books|hhE74A1fTQkC|page=241|plainurl=yes}} |pmid=16536372 | vauthors = Walkup JT, Mink JW, Hollenbeck PJ |title=Tourette Syndrome |series=Advances in Neurology |date=2006 |volume=99 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-9970-6 }}</ref>
The first clinical use of DBS for Tourette's Syndrome was carried out in 1999<ref name="linkinghub.elsevier.com"/> in follow up to earlier studies on ablative lesions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassler |first=Rolf |title=raitement stéréotaxique des tics et cris inarticulés ou coprolaliques considérés comme phénomene d'obsession motrice au cours de la maladie de Gilles de la Tourette |journal=Rev Neurol |publication-date=1970}}</ref>

The procedure is invasive and expensive and requires long-term expert care and its benefits for severe Tourette's are inconclusive. Tourette's is more common in children, tending to remit spontaneously in adulthood, limiting the applicability of surgery in these populations. It also may not always be obvious how to utilize DBS for a particular person because the diagnosis of Tourette's is based on a history of symptoms rather than an examination of neurological activity.

The [[Tourette Association of America]] recommends that the procedure be reserved for adults with severe debilitating treatment resistant variants of the disease, and without comorbidities such as substance abuse or personality disorders.<ref name=Malone/>