Editing Embryonic stem cell (section)

===Muse cells===
{{main|Muse cell}}

Muse cells (Multi-lineage differentiating stress enduring cell) are [[Carcinogenesis|non-cancerous]] [[pluripotent stem cell]] found in adults.<ref name="Kuroda">{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0911647107 |pmid=20421459 |pmc=2889306 |title=Unique multipotent cells in adult human mesenchymal cell populations |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=19 |pages=8639–8643 |year=2010 |last1=Kuroda |first1=Y. |last2=Kitada |first2=M. |last3=Wakao |first3=S. |last4=Nishikawa |first4=K. |last5=Tanimura |first5=Y. |last6=Makinoshima |first6=H. |last7=Goda |first7=M. |last8=Akashi |first8=H. |last9=Inutsuka |first9=A. |last10=Niwa |first10=A. |last11=Shigemoto |first11=T. |last12=Nabeshima |first12=Y. |last13=Nakahata |first13=T. |last14=Nabeshima |first14=Y.-i. |last15=Fujiyoshi |first15=Y. |last16=Dezawa |first16=M. |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.8639K |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9784431568452|title=Muse Cells &#124; SpringerLink|access-date=2022-01-13|archive-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130237/https://www.springer.com/us/book/9784431568452|url-status=live}}</ref> They were discovered in 2010 by Mari Dezawa and her research group.<ref name="Kuroda" /> Muse cells reside in the connective tissue of nearly every organ including the umbilical cord, bone marrow and peripheral blood.<ref>Zikuan Leng 1 2, Dongming Sun 2, Zihao Huang 3, Iman Tadmori 2, Ning Chiang 2, Nikhit Kethidi 2, Ahmed Sabra 2, Yoshihiro Kushida 4, Yu-Show Fu 3, Mari Dezawa 4, Xijing He 1, Wise Young 2Quantitative Analysis of SSEA3+ Cells from Human Umbilical Cord after Magnetic SortingCell Transplant
. 2019 Jul;28(7):907–923.</ref><ref name="Kuroda" /><ref name="WakaoPNAS">{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.1100816108 |pmid=21628574 |pmc=3116385 |title=Multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells are a primary source of induced pluripotent stem cells in human fibroblasts |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=24 |pages=9875–9880 |year=2011 |last1=Wakao |first1=S. |last2=Kitada |first2=M. |last3=Kuroda |first3=Y. |last4=Shigemoto |first4=T. |last5=Matsuse |first5=D. |last6=Akashi |first6=H. |last7=Tanimura |first7=Y. |last8=Tsuchiyama |first8=K. |last9=Kikuchi |first9=T. |last10=Goda |first10=M. |last11=Nakahata |first11=T. |last12=Fujiyoshi |first12=Y. |last13=Dezawa |first13=M. |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.9875W |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal |doi=10.3727/096368916X690881 |pmid=26884346 |title=Muse Cells Provide the Pluripotency of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Direct Contribution of Muse Cells to Tissue Regeneration |journal=Cell Transplantation |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=849–861 |year=2016 |last1=Dezawa |first1=Mari |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.12.033 |pmid=27019988 |title=Mobilization of Pluripotent Multilineage-Differentiating Stress-Enduring Cells in Ischemic Stroke |journal=Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=1473–1481 |year=2016 |last1=Hori |first1=Emiko |last2=Hayakawa |first2=Yumiko |last3=Hayashi |first3=Tomohide |last4=Hori |first4=Satoshi |last5=Okamoto |first5=Soushi |last6=Shibata |first6=Takashi |last7=Kubo |first7=Michiya |last8=Horie |first8=Yukio |last9=Sasahara |first9=Masakiyo |last10=Kuroda |first10=Satoshi }}</ref> They are collectable from commercially obtainable mesenchymal cells such as human [[fibroblast]]s, bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells.<ref name=KurodaNature>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nprot.2013.076 |pmid=23787896 |title=Isolation, culture and evaluation of multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells |journal=Nature Protocols |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=1391–1415 |year=2013 |last1=Kuroda |first1=Yasumasa |last2=Wakao |first2=Shohei |last3=Kitada |first3=Masaaki |last4=Murakami |first4=Toru |last5=Nojima |first5=Makoto |last6=Dezawa |first6=Mari |s2cid=28597290 }}{{medrs|date=November 2013}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite journal |doi=10.1089/scd.2013.0473 |pmid=24256547 |title=Human Adipose Tissue Possesses a Unique Population of Pluripotent Stem Cells with Nontumorigenic and Low Telomerase Activities: Potential Implications in Regenerative Medicine |journal=Stem Cells and Development |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=717–728 |year=2014 |last1=Ogura |first1=Fumitaka |last2=Wakao |first2=Shohei |last3=Kuroda |first3=Yasumasa |last4=Tsuchiyama |first4=Kenichiro |last5=Bagheri |first5=Mozhdeh |last6=Heneidi |first6=Saleh |last7=Chazenbalk |first7=Gregorio |last8=Aiba |first8=Setsuya |last9=Dezawa |first9=Mari }}</ref><ref name="Heneidi">{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0064752 |pmid=23755141 |pmc=3673968 |title=Awakened by Cellular Stress: Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Population of Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from Human Adipose Tissue |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=e64752 |year=2013 |last1=Heneidi |first1=Saleh |last2=Simerman |first2=Ariel A. |last3=Keller |first3=Erica |last4=Singh |first4=Prapti |last5=Li |first5=Xinmin |last6=Dumesic |first6=Daniel A. |last7=Chazenbalk |first7=Gregorio |bibcode=2013PLoSO...864752H |doi-access=free }}</ref> Muse cells are able to generate cells representative of all three germ layers from a single cell both spontaneously and under [[cytokine]] induction. Expression of pluripotency genes and triploblastic differentiation are self-renewable over generations. Muse cells do not undergo [[teratoma]] formation when transplanted into a host environment in vivo, eradicating the risk of [[tumorigenesis]] through unbridled cell proliferation.<ref name="Kuroda" />