Editing Human brain (section)

===Methods===
Information about the structure and function of the human brain comes from a variety of experimental methods, including animals and humans. Information about brain trauma and stroke has provided information about the function of parts of the brain and the effects of [[brain damage]]. [[Neuroimaging]] is used to visualise the brain and record brain activity. [[Electrophysiology]] is used to measure, record and monitor the electrical activity of the cortex. Measurements may be of [[local field potential]]s of cortical areas, or of the activity of a single neuron. An [[electroencephalography|electroencephalogram]] can record the electrical activity of the cortex using [[electrode]]s placed non-invasively on the [[scalp]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Towle |first1=V.L. |display-authors=etal |title=The spatial location of EEG electrodes: locating the best-fitting sphere relative to cortical anatomy |journal=Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology |date=January 1993 |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |pmid=7678386 |doi=10.1016/0013-4694(93)90061-y}}</ref>{{sfn|Purves|2012|pp=632–633}}

Invasive measures include [[electrocorticography]], which uses electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain. This method is used in [[cortical stimulation mapping]], used in the study of the relationship between cortical areas and their systemic function.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silverstein |first1=J. |title=Mapping the Motor and Sensory Cortices: A Historical Look and a Current Case Study in Sensorimotor Localization and Direct Cortical Motor Stimulation |journal=The Neurodiagnostic Journal |pmid=22558647 |url=http://www.readperiodicals.com/201203/2662763741.html |year=2012 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=54–68 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117021132/http://www.readperiodicals.com/201203/2662763741.html |archive-date=November 17, 2012  }}</ref> By using much smaller [[microelectrode]]s, [[single-unit recording]]s can be made from a single neuron that give a high [[Angular resolution|spatial resolution]] and high [[temporal resolution]]. This has enabled the linking of brain activity to behaviour, and the creation of neuronal maps.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boraud |first1=T. |last2=Bezard |first2=E. | year=2002 | title=From single extracellular unit recording in experimental and human Parkinsonism to the development of a functional concept of the role played by the basal ganglia in motor control | journal=Progress in Neurobiology | volume=66 | issue=4 | pages=265–283 | doi=10.1016/s0301-0082(01)00033-8 |pmid=11960681 |s2cid=23389986 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

The development of [[cerebral organoid]]s has opened ways for studying the growth of the brain, and of the cortex, and for understanding disease development, offering further implications for therapeutic applications.<ref name="Lancaster">{{cite journal |last1=Lancaster |first1=MA |last2=Renner |first2=M |last3=Martin |first3=CA |last4=Wenzel |first4=D |last5=Bicknell |first5=LS |last6=Hurles |first6=ME |last7=Homfray |first7=T |last8=Penninger |first8=JM |last9=Jackson |first9=AP |last10=Knoblich |first10=JA |title=Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. |journal=Nature |date=September 19, 2013 |volume=501 |issue=7467 |pages=373–9 |doi=10.1038/nature12517 |pmid=23995685|pmc=3817409 |bibcode=2013Natur.501..373L }}</ref><ref name="Lee">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=CT |last2=Bendriem |first2=RM |last3=Wu |first3=WW |last4=Shen |first4=RF |title=3D brain Organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells: promising experimental models for brain development and neurodegenerative disorders. |journal=Journal of Biomedical Science |date=August 20, 2017 |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=59 |doi=10.1186/s12929-017-0362-8 |pmid=28822354|pmc=5563385 |doi-access=free }}</ref>