Editing Inalienable possession (section)

===Possessor suppression with kin and body-part nouns (Lødrup 2014)===
[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] is a [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]] [[language]] that is spoken mainly in [[Norway]] and is its official language. Norwegian expresses inalienability by possessor suppression,<ref>Thunes, Martha. “The Inalieability Pattern of English and Norwegian.” 1 Feb. 2013, pp. 168–169.</ref> which takes place when noun phrases referring to inalienable possessions use the definite form and contain no possessive determiner.

In sentence (28), "haken", the syntactic object, contains a suppressed possessor in its definite form. It does not contain an explicit possessive marker. In contrast, the English translation contains an explicit possessive determiner, "her", which denote possession. Possessive determiners are obligatory in English for subject-controlled body-part terms. 
 
[[File:27a and b.jpg|thumb|Illustration of (28a) and (28b): possessor suppression in Norwegian compared to an explicit possessive marker in English (Thunes, 2013: 168)]]
 
{{interlinear|lang=no|number=(28)
|Hun løftet '''haken'''
|She raised chin.DEF     
|'She raised '''her''' chin'; {{lit}} 'She raised the chin'
|bottom=(Thunes 2013: 168)
}}

Norwegian treats kinship nouns and body-part nouns similarly in relation to bound variable interpretations.<ref>Lødrup, Helge. "Split Possession and the Syntax of Kinship Nouns in Norwegian." The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics, vol. 17, no. 1, 2014, pp. 35-57.
</ref> When a definite noun is present, it usually has a referential reading. In (29a), the referential reading is present. However, the presence of definite kinship or body part nouns may also bring about the bound variable reading in which a kinship or body part noun contains a variable bound by the quantifier in the subject, and (29b) may produce both the referential and bound variable readings. With the referential reading, the professors washed a face or father, mentioned earlier. With the bound variable reading, the professors washed their own face or father. Additionally, both kinship and body part nouns behave similarly in sentences with VP pronominalization. VP pronominalization involving both nouns allow for both a referential reading and a "sloppy reading", which involves variable binding. In (29c) in the referential reading, John and Mari wash a face or a mother been mentioned earlier. In the "sloppy reading", John washes his face or mother, and Mari washes hers.
[[File:Syntax tree (40).png|thumb|Illustration of (29b) in which ''pro'' is a silent pronoun]]

{{interlinear|lang=no|indent=5|number=(29) a.
|Hver  eneste professor beskøte '''museet'''
|every single professor visited museum.DEF     
|'Every single professor visited the museum'
|bottom=(Lødrup 2014:45)
}}
{{interlinear|lang=no|indent=5|number={{hidden text|(29)}} b.
|Hver eneste professor vasket '''ansiktet'''/'''faren'''
|every single professor washed face.DEF/father.DEF     
|'Every single professor washed his/her face/father'<br>
Referential reading: Every single professor washed a face or father that was mentioned earlier.<br>
Bound variable reading: Every single professor washed their own face or father.
|bottom=(Lødrup 2014:45)
}}
{{interlinear|lang=no|indent=5|number={{hidden text|(29)}} c.
|John skal vaske '''ansiket'''  /'''moren''', og det skal Mari også
|John shall wash face.DEF /mother.DEF and that shall Mari too     
|'John will wash his face/mother, and Mari will, too'<br>
Referential reading: John and Mari will wash a face or a mother that was mentioned earlier.<br>
Sloppy reading: John will wash his own face or mother and Mari will wash her own face or mother.
|bottom=(Lødrup 2014:46)
}}

Finally, both kinship and body part nouns bear similarities in locality. Both behave in such a way that the definite form of the noun is bound by the closest subject. In (30a), the possessor must be the subordinate clause subject, not the main clause subject. Likewise, in (30b), the father mentioned is preferably the father of the subordinate clause subject referent, not of the main clause subject referent. 
[[File:Tree 29a.jpg|thumb|Illustration of (30a): locality with a body part noun in Norwegian in which the noun is bound by the closest subject. 'Håret' is the subordinate clause subject referent and 'John' is the subordinate clause subject. (Lødrup 2014: 47)]]

{{interlinear|lang=no|indent=5|number=(30) a.
|Hun sa at John vasket '''håret'''
|she said that John washed hair.DEF
|'She said that John washed his hair'
}}
{{interlinear|lang=no|indent=5|number={{hidden text|(30)}} b.
|Hun visste ikke at John hadde snakket med '''faren'''
|she knew not that John had talked to father.DEF
|'She did not know that John had talked to his father'
|bottom=(Lødrup 2014:47)
}}

On the other hand, definite kinship and body-part nouns in Norwegian have a syntactic difference. Definite body part nouns allow a first- or second-person possessor, but some definite kinship nouns do not. For instance, the sentence in (31a) is not allowed as it contains a first-person possessor and kinship term. The kinship term can be used only with a third-person possessor, such as in (31b).
[[File:30a and b.jpg|thumb|Illustration of (31a) and (31b): syntactic restrictions on first- and second-person possessors of definite body part nouns in Norwegian (Lødrup 2014: 49-50) in which '*' denotes an ungrammatical sentence]]

{{interlinear|lang=no|indent=5|number=(31) a.
|*  Jeg snakket med '''faren'''
|{} I talked to father.DEF
|'I talked to my father'
}}
{{interlinear|lang=no|indent=5|number={{hidden text|(31)}} b.
|Han snakket med '''far'''/'''faren'''
|He talked to father/father.DEF
|'He talked to his father'
|bottom=(Lødrup 2014:49-50)
}}

However, body part nouns do not have the restriction on first- or second-person possessors like in (32).

{{interlinear|lang=no|number=(32)
|Jeg klør på '''ryggen'''
|I itch on back.DEF
|'My back is itching'
|bottom=(Lødrup 2014:49)
}}