Editing Malolactic fermentation (section)

===Health-related faults===
{{see also|Health effects of wine}}
[[File:Cadaverine synthesis.svg|right|thumb|Cadaverine is one of the biogenic amines that some LAB species, particularly from the ''Lactobacillus'' and ''Pediococcus'' genera, have the potential to produce.]]
While the presence of [[ethyl carbamate]] is not a sensory wine fault, the compound is a suspected [[carcinogen]] which is subjected to regulation in many countries. The compound is produced from the degradation of the amino acid [[arginine]] which is present in both grape must and released in the wine through the autolysis of dead yeast cells. While the use of [[urea]] as a source of [[yeast assimilable nitrogen]] (no longer legal in most countries) was the most common cause of ethyl carbamate in wine, both ''O. oeni'' and ''L. buchneri'' have been known to produce [[carbamyl phosphate]] and [[citrulline]] which can be [[precursor (chemistry)|precursor]]s to ethyl carbamate formation. ''L. hilgardii'', one of the "ferocious ''Lactobacillus''" species, has also been suspected of contributing to ethyl carbamate production. In the United States, the [[Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau]] has established a voluntary target limit of ethyl carbamate in wine to less than 15&nbsp;μg/L for table wines and less than 60&nbsp;μg/L for dessert wines.<ref name="Wine Micro"/>

Biogenic amines have been implicated as a potential cause of [[red wine headache]]s. In wine, [[histamine]], [[cadaverine]], [[phenylethylamine]], [[putrescine]], and [[tyramine]] have all been detected. These amines are created by the degradation of amino acids found in grape must and left over from the breakdown of dead yeast cells after fermentation. Most LAB have the potential to create biogenic amines, even some strains of ''O. oeni'', but high levels of biogenic amines are most often associated with species from the ''Lactobacillus'' and ''Pediococcus'' genera. In the [[European Union]], the concentration of biogenic amines in wine is beginning to be monitored, while the United States currently does not have any regulations.<ref name="Wine Faults"/>