Editing Motorcycle (section)

=== Asia ===

In [[Asia]], motorcycles are a common mode of transportation and are putting significant pressure on the region's environment.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2006-12-15 |title=Sustainable Management of Twoand Three-Wheelers in Asia |url=https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_Asia23wheelers_2011_1.pdf |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=International Council on Clean Transportation |language=en}}</ref><ref name="challenges-in-addressing-air-pollution-in-large-cities">{{Cite web |title=Challenges in addressing air pollution in large cities |url=https://vietnamnews.vn/society/1663233/challenges-in-addressing-air-pollution-in-large-cities.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=vietnamnews.vn |language=en}}</ref> With a massive number of motorcycles, they contribute significantly to [[greenhouse gas emissions]] and [[Air pollution|urban air pollution]].<ref name="challenges-in-addressing-air-pollution-in-large-cities" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sâm |first=Huyền |date=2024-12-18 |title=Kiểm định xe máy từ 5 năm tuổi, có quá sớm? |url=https://kinhtedothi.vn/kiem-dinh-xe-may-tu-5-nam-tuoi-co-qua-som.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Báo Kinh tế đô thị - Đọc tin tức thời sự kinh tế 24h mới nhất |language=vi}}</ref> In [[India]], road transport accounts for about 12% of the country's energy-related CO₂ emissions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lượng khí thải carbon toàn cầu tăng trở lại gần mức trước đại dịch |url=https://backan.gov.vn/pages/luong-khi-thai-carbon-toan-cau-tang-tro-lai-gan-mu-dbe2.aspx |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=backan.gov.vn}}</ref> In [[Vietnam]], motorcycles contribute up to 87% of the CO emissions and 94% of hydrocarbons (HC) released by vehicles in [[Hanoi]] and [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-17 |title=Kiểm định khí thải xe máy liên quan đến sức khỏe người dân, không thể chần chừ |url=https://tuoitre.vn/kiem-dinh-khi-thai-xe-may-lien-quan-den-suc-khoe-nguoi-dan-khong-the-chan-chu-20241217085812373.htm#:~:text=C%C5%A9ng%20theo%20th%E1%BB%91ng%20k%C3%AA,%20t%E1%BA%A1i,c%C3%A1c%20lo%E1%BA%A1i%20xe%20c%C6%A1%20gi%E1%BB%9Bi |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=TUOI TRE ONLINE |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-17 |title=Kiểm định khí thải xe máy liên quan đến sức khỏe người dân, không thể chần chừ |url=https://tuoitre.vn/kiem-dinh-khi-thai-xe-may-lien-quan-den-suc-khoe-nguoi-dan-khong-the-chan-chu-20241217085812373.htm |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=TUOI TRE ONLINE |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tong |first1=Yen Dan |last2=Maraseni |first2=Tek |last3=Nguyen |first3=Phuong-Duy |last4=An-Vo |first4=Duc-Anh |last5=Tradenta |first5=Julio Mancuso |last6=Thuy Ai Dong Tran |date=2024 |title=Potential for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions savings from replacing short motorcycle trips with active travel modes in Vietnam |journal=Transportation |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=1999–2018 |doi=10.1007/s11116-023-10394-0 |pmid=37363369 |pmc=10166047 |language=en }}</ref> Environmental studies show that motorcycles in Vietnam contribute approximately 29% of NOx, 90% of CO, 65% of NMVOC, and nearly 38% of PM dust in total traffic emissions.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 2 August 2024|title=Kiểm định khí thải xe máy: Xem xét lộ trình cụ thể |url=https://www.sggp.org.vn/kiem-dinh-khi-thai-xe-may-xem-xet-lo-trinh-cu-the-post752158.html#:~:text=Tuy%20nhi%C3%AAn,%20%E1%BB%9F%20g%C3%B3c%20%C4%91%E1%BB%99,ph%C3%A1t%20th%E1%BA%A3i%20b%E1%BB%A5i%20si%C3%AAu%20m%E1%BB%8Bn |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=BÁO SÀI GÒN GIẢI PHÓNG |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinh vi xe may |url=https://dinhvigps.vn/dinh-vi-xe-may |access-date=2025-03-13 |website= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tùng |first=Nguyên |date=2019-04-20 |title="Xe máy là nguồn gây ô nhiễm không khí lớn nhất cho TPHCM" |url=https://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/xe-may-la-nguon-gay-o-nhiem-khong-khi-lon-nhat-cho-tphcm-20190420083816021.htm |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Báo điện tử Dân Trí |language=vi}}</ref> In [[Thailand]], gasoline-powered motorcycles are reported to emit significantly higher pollution per kilometer compared to gasoline-powered cars, exacerbating urban smog.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raphael Salmi |first= |date=2024-03-06 |title=The next two-wheel revolution |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/motoring/2753894/the-next-two-wheel-revolution |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=Bangkok Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Evaluation of real-world vehicle emissions and standards in Jakarta |url=https://www.trueinitiative.org/news/2022/november/evaluation-of-real-world-vehicle-emissions-and-standards-in-jakarta |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The Real Urban Emissions Initiative}}</ref> In [[Singapore]], the NEA reported that while motorcycles account for only 15 percent of vehicles, they contribute to over 53 percent of carbon monoxide emissions from vehicles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-12 |title=Owners of older bikes query if they can be behind more than half of vehicle emissions |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/owners-of-older-bikes-query-if-they-can-be-behind-more-than-half-of-vehicle-emissions#:~:text=NEA%20said%20its%20studies%20have,carbon%20monoxide%20emissions%20from%20vehicles. |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government To Incentivise De-Registration Of Older, More Pollutive Motorcycles Over Next Five Years, Before Phasing Them Out In 2028 |url=https://www.nea.gov.sg/media/news/news/index/government-to-incentivise-de-registration-of-older-more-pollutive-motorcycles-over-next-five-years-before-phasing-them-out-in-2028 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.nea.gov.sg |language=en}}</ref>