Editing Pacemaker (section)

=== Origin ===
In 1889, [[John Alexander MacWilliam]] reported in the ''[[BMJ|British Medical Journal]]'' (BMJ) of his experiments in which application of an electrical impulse to the human heart in [[asystole]] caused a [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricular]] contraction and that a heart rhythm of 60–70 beats per minute could be evoked by impulses applied at spacings equal to 60–70/minute.<ref>{{cite journal |author=McWilliam JA |year=1889 |title=Electrical stimulation of the heart in man |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue= 1468|pages=348–50 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.1468.348 |pmc=2154721 |pmid=20752595 }}</ref>

In 1926, [[Dr Mark Cowley Lidwill|Mark C Lidwill]] of the [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]] of Sydney, supported by physicist Edgar H. Booth of the [[University of Sydney]], devised a portable apparatus which "plugged into a lighting point" and in which "One pole was applied to a skin pad soaked in strong salt solution" while the other pole "consisted of a needle insulated except at its point, and was plunged into the appropriate cardiac chamber". "The pacemaker rate was variable from about 80 to 120 pulses per minute, and likewise the voltage variable from 1.5 to 120 volts".<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9781119333050.ch1 |chapter=History of cardiac pacing and defibrillation in the young |title=Cardiac Pacing and Defibrillation in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease |date=2017 |last1=Rhodes |first1=Larry |last2=Campbell |first2=Robert |pages=1–11 |isbn=978-0-470-67109-2 }}</ref> In 1928, the apparatus was used to revive a [[Stillbirth|stillborn]] infant at [[Crown Street Women's Hospital]] in Sydney, whose heart continued "to beat on its own accord", "at the end of 10 minutes" of stimulation.<ref>Lidwell M C, "Cardiac Disease in Relation to Anaesthesia" in ''Transactions of the Third Session'', Australasian Medical Congress, Sydney, Australia, Sept. 2–7, 1929, p. 160.</ref><ref name="Mond_1982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mond HG, Sloman JG, Edwards RH | title = The first pacemaker | journal = Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 278–82 | year = 1982 | pmid = 6176970 | doi = 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1982.tb02226.x | s2cid = 22049678 }}</ref>

In 1932, American physiologist [[Albert Hyman]], with the help of his brother, described an electro-mechanical instrument of his own, powered by a spring-wound hand-cranked motor. Hyman himself referred to his invention as an "artificial pacemaker", the term continuing in use to this day.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aquilina |first1=O |title=A brief history of cardiac pacing |journal=Images in Paediatric Cardiology |date=2006 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=17–81 |pmc=3232561 |pmid=22368662 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Furman S, Szarka G, Layvand D | title = Reconstruction of Hyman's second pacemaker | journal = Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 446–53 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15869680 | doi = 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2005.09542.x | s2cid = 29138993 }}</ref>

An apparent [[Wikt:hiatus|hiatus]] in the publication of research conducted between the early 1930s and [[World War II]] may be attributed to the public perception of interfering with nature by "reviving the dead".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kidder |first1=David S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5gfbaYTWlkC&dq=%22reviving+the+dead%22+pacemaker&pg=PA308 |title=The Intellectual Devotional: Health: Revive Your Mind, Complete Your Education, and Digest a Daily Dose of Wellness Wisdom |last2=Oppenheim |first2=Noah D. |last3=Young |first3=Bruce K. |year=2009 |publisher=Harmony/Rodale |isbn=978-1-60529-330-1 |language=en}}</ref> For example, "Hyman did not publish data on the use of his pacemaker in humans because of adverse publicity, both among his fellow physicians, and due to newspaper reporting at the time. Lidwell may have been aware of this and did not proceed with his experiments in humans".<ref name="Mond_1982" />