Editing Perception management (section)

==Athletics==
Baseball player [[Sammy Sosa]] used perception management after he was ejected from a game in 2003 when he was caught using a [[corked bat]]. His explanation was that he only uses the corked bat for batting practice so he can hit more home runs and put on a show for fans. He claimed picking up the corked bat for the game was an honest mistake and apologized to everybody.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sammy Sosa ejected for corked bat|date=4 June 2003|work=[[Fox News]]|access-date=November 18, 2011|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/sammy-sosa-ejected-for-corked-bat}} Article was updated January 13, 2015.</ref> The perception of hitting home runs even with the corked bat could have helped Sammy Sosa hit future home runs without a corked bat because he knew what it felt like to hit a home run and he knew that he could do it, especially when he got away with using the corked bat in games.
Golfer [[Arnold Palmer]] used perception management as well. In the [[1960 U.S. Open (golf)|1960 U.S. Open]], Palmer saw the first hole at Cherry Hills as an eagle opportunity. He perceived that if he could simply drive the ball into the longer rough in order to slow it down before it rolled across the very fast green, he could make the putt for eagle. Many doubted Palmer when he spoke of doing so, but that did not stop him. Palmer did exactly what he perceived of doing, making the eagle, and later going on to win.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Palmer, Arnold |author2=William Barry. Furlong. |name-list-style=amp |title=Go for Broke: My Philosophy of Winning Golf|url=https://archive.org/details/goforbrokemyphil00palm |url-access=registration |location=New York|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year= 1973|isbn=978-0671214784}}</ref>
A study performed in June 2008 revealed that perception is closely correlated with performance. Nine different sized black circles were glued onto a white background. After a round of golf, forty-six golfers were asked which black circle was the size of the hole on the putting greens. The players with the overall better scores perceived the hole to be bigger than it actually is, so they chose the bigger black circles. The players with the worse scores perceived the hole as being smaller than it actually is.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Witt, J. K.|author2=S. A. Linkenauger|author3=J. Z. Bakdash|author4=D. R. Proffitt|title=Putting to a Bigger Hole: Golf Performance Relates to Perceived Size|journal=Psychonomic Bulletin & Review|volume=15|issue=3|pages=581–585|year=2008|pmid=18567258|pmc=3193943|doi=10.3758/PBR.15.3.581}}</ref>

=== Training ===
{{Update section|date=February 2022|reason=Things have happened since 2008}}
For many years people{{who|date=October 2013}} viewed concussions and big tackles in football games as athletes just "getting their bell rung" and coaches implored them to "shake it off and get back in the game". However, a concussion is a [[traumatic brain injury]] that may temporarily interfere with the way the brain works and can affect memory, judgment, reflexes, speech, balance, coordination and sleep patterns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Patterson|first1=Faith|last2=Staton|first2=A.|date=2009-04-01|title=Adult-Acquired Traumatic Brain Injury: Existential Implications and Clinical Considerations|url=https://meridian.allenpress.com/jmhc/article/31/2/149/83362/AdultAcquired-Traumatic-Brain-Injury-Existential|journal=Journal of Mental Health Counseling|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=149–163|doi=10.17744/mehc.31.2.1p42572p01435173|issn=1040-2861|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barry|first1=Nicole C.|last2=Tomes|first2=Jennifer L.|date=2015-10-21|title=Remembering your past: The effects of concussion on autobiographical memory recall|journal=Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology|language=en|volume=37|issue=9|pages=994–1003|doi=10.1080/13803395.2015.1038981|pmid=26300529|s2cid=33167920|issn=1380-3395}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Covassin|first1=Tracey|last2=Moran|first2=Ryan|last3=Wilhelm|first3=Kristyn|date=December 2013|title=Concussion Symptoms and Neurocognitive Performance of High School and College Athletes Who Incur Multiple Concussions|journal=The American Journal of Sports Medicine|language=en|volume=41|issue=12|pages=2885–2889|doi=10.1177/0363546513499230|pmid=23959963|s2cid=44264067|issn=0363-5465}}</ref> A study from the National Center for Injury Prevention found that 47 percent of high school football players say they suffer a concussion each season, with 37 percent of those reporting multiple concussions in a season. Serious injuries deserve appropriate attention to treatment and to prevention. With a concussion, function may be interrupted but there is no structural damage to the brain, so a physical examination often appears normal. The [[American College of Sports Medicine]] estimates that 85 percent of sports-related concussions go undiagnosed because athletes deny or fail to report symptoms and because subtle changes in brain function may not be obvious on a single examination. In May 2008, the CDC implemented new standards for concussion management, which required athletes who are involved in a play where a concussion was possible (a direct blow to the head) to be evaluated by a certified athletic trainer or a qualified physician if available. The standards go on to say that if the athlete has any signs of a concussion, they are not able to return to play for the rest of the game or practice.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Guskiewicz|first1=Kevin M.|last2=Bruce|first2=Scott L.|last3=Cantu|first3=Robert C.|last4=Ferrara|first4=Michael S.|last5=Kelly|first5=James P.|last6=McCrea|first6=Michael|last7=Putukian|first7=Margot|last8=McLeod|first8=Tamara C. Valovich|date=October 2004|title=Recommendations on Management of Sport-related Concussion: Summary of the National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement|journal=Neurosurgery|volume=55|issue=4|pages=891–896|doi=10.1227/01.neu.0000143800.49798.19|pmid=15458597|issn=0148-396X}}</ref> According to the ''New York Times'', this seems like a good policy in theory, but with football season being over for a large majority of high schools (football having the highest risk of concussion), experts found that athletes have found ways to get around the standards, such as denying any concussion symptoms they are having, learning how to answer questions to hide any signs of concussion, or not saying anything about the possible concussion to the athletic trainer or physician working at the game. With these strategies, athletes put themselves at risk for the "second concussion", which can leave permanent brain damage and can even lead to death. Although in theory these new standards for concussions are great for significantly reducing the risk of missing symptoms that appear after 24 hours and preventing any further brain damage, but with athletes now hiding possible concussions from athletic trainers and physicians, these standards may actually have a negative effect on concussion management.<ref>{{cite news|author=Schwarz, A.|date=7 June 2009|title=New guidelines on young athletes' concussions stir controversy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/08/sports/08concussions.html|work=New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Welge|first=J|title=Concussions are not something to mess around with|url=http://football.dailyherald.com/story/?id=50569|access-date=20 November 2011|newspaper=Daily Herald|date=October 5, 2007}}</ref>

=== Sponsorship ===
Perception management is the idea of using an image as a tool for identification of [[sponsorship]] opportunities. An effective sponsorship relationship outlines a good match between the image the company wants to promote and the image of the sponsored body, and if successful, elevates both. Perception management directs both behavior and communication activities as it works towards the establishment of a common vision of reality in a given [[social group]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ferrand, Alain|title=Image management in sport organizations: the creation of value|work=European Journal of Marketing|url=http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=853601&show=html}}</ref>
In the case of [[Tiger Woods]], the sales of his clothing brand, which is part of [[Nike Golf]], have drastically declined since his scandal due to perception management.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sherman, Alex|title=Nike's Tiger Woods Apparel Line Snubbed by Consumers|work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|date=24 Aug 2010|access-date=2 Nov 2010|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-08-24/nike-s-tiger-woods-apparel-line-snubbed-by-consumers.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827154950/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-08-24/nike-s-tiger-woods-apparel-line-snubbed-by-consumers.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 27, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=jenniferwindrum |url=http://www.truedirtylaundry.com/tiger-woodsperception-by-deception.html |title=Tiger Woods: Perception by Deception|publisher=Truedirtylaundry.com |date=2010-02-19 |access-date=2012-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309055846/http://www.truedirtylaundry.com/tiger-woodsperception-by-deception.html|archive-date=2010-03-09}}</ref>

=== Environmental impacts ===
[[Professional sports teams]]{{which|date=October 2013}} in the United States are beginning to engage in [[Corporate environmental responsibility|corporate pro-environmental behavior]] (CPEB). Many sports leagues and teams{{which|date=October 2013}} have pledged commitments to [[sustainability]] in areas such as their facilities, venues, and major events. Even events on a global scale such as the Olympic Games and [[FIFA World Cup]], emphatically have endorsed the reduction of their environmental impacts. Not only can the teams benefit economically and ecologically, but "for-profit businesses may also engage in CPEB in order to control its public image, reputation, and identity." They want to make sure they are in good standing with the public since they realize that many of them now relate to the "green" lifestyle. While fans act as the consumers of the teams product's and events, non-fans can also "have significant influence as voters on sport facility subsidization referendums". That being said, it is very important for the sports teams to maintain a positive image, and "going green" can do just that.<ref>{{cite conference|author=Kellison, Timothy|title=Organizational Perception Management as a means to Legitimate Sports Venue Subsidization|conference=Sports Entertainment & Venues Tomorrow|year=2011|pages=44–46|citeseerx=10.1.1.471.1680}}</ref>

=== Signing ===

[[Conflicts of interest]] and consolidation in the [[sports agent|sports agency]] industry arise through "the fierce competition to sign and retain athletes".<ref>{{cite web|author=Rosner, Scott R.|title=Conflicts of Interest and Consolidation in the Sports Agent Industry|url=http://www.lgst.wharton.upenn.edu/.../Agent%20Conflicts%20Article%20-%2007.16.02.pdf}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The majority of literature regarding employee-organization relationships focus on [[perceived organizational support]]. More specifically, "the primary purposes of this study were to: (a) examine the antecedents of POS; (b) examine the consequences of POS, including, affective commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention; and (c) assess gender differences in regard to these antecedents and consequences, and (d) develop and test a comprehensive model of POS, applicable to intercollegiate athletic administrators."<ref>{{cite web|author=Pack, Simon M.|title=Antecedents and consequences of perceived organizational support for NCAA athletic administrators|url=http://www.etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Pack%20Simon%20M.pdf}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>