Editing Prenatal testing (section)

=== Pre-conception ===
Prior to conception, couples may elect to have genetic testing done to determine the odds of conceiving a child with a known genetic anomaly. The most common in the Caucasian population are:{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
* [[Cystic fibrosis]]
* [[Fragile X syndrome]]
* Blood disorders such as [[sickle cell disease]]
* [[Tay–Sachs disease|Tay-Sachs disease]]
* [[Spinal muscular atrophy]]
Hundreds of additional conditions are known and more discovered on a regular basis. However the economic justification for population-wide testing of all known conditions is not well supported, particularly once the cost of possible false positive results and concomitant follow-up testing are taken into account.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Henneman L, Borry P, Chokoshvili D, Cornel MC, van El CG, Forzano F, Hall A, Howard HC, Janssens S, Kayserili H, Lakeman P, Lucassen A, Metcalfe SA, Vidmar L, de Wert G, Dondorp WJ, Peterlin B | display-authors = 6 | title = Responsible implementation of expanded carrier screening | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 24 | issue = 6 | pages = e1–e12 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 26980105 | pmc = 4867464 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2015.271}}</ref> There are also ethical concerns related to this or any type of [[genetic testing]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

One or both partners may be aware of other family members with these diseases. Testing prior to conception may alleviate concern, prepare the couple for the potential short- or long-term consequences of having a child with the disease, direct the couple toward adoption or foster parenting, or prompt for [[Preimplantation genetic diagnosis|preimplantation genetic testing]] during [[In vitro fertilisation|''in vitro'' fertilization]]. If a genetic disorder is found, professional [[genetic counseling]] is usually recommended owing to the host of ethical considerations related to subsequent decisions for the partners and potential impact on their extended families. Most, but not all, of these diseases follow [[Mendelian inheritance]] patterns. [[Fragile X syndrome]] is related to expansion of certain repeated DNA segments and may change generation-to-generation.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}