Editing Soviet atomic bomb project (section)

== Secret cities ==
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union created at least nine [[closed city|closed cities]], known as Atomgrads,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mersom |first=Daryl |title=The city in the shadow of an ageing nuclear reactor |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20190527-the-city-in-the-shadow-of-an-ageing-nuclear-reactor |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=www.bbc.com |date=27 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> in which nuclear weapons-related research and development took place. The code names were generally given by the name of the nearest large city, suffixed with the last two digits of the postcode. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, all of the cities changed their names. All are still legally "closed", though some have parts of them accessible to foreign visitors with special permits (Sarov, Snezhinsk, and Zheleznogorsk).

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
! Cold War names
! Current name
! Established
!Establishments
!Current name
! Primary functions
|-
| Arzamas-16
Arzamas-75
| [[Sarov]]
| 1946
|Design Bureau-11
|[[All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics]]
| Weapons design and research, warhead assembly
|-
| Sverdlovsk-44
| [[Novouralsk]]
| 1946
| colspan="2" |[[Ural Electrochemical Combine|Ural Electrochemical Integrated Plant]]<ref name="w921">{{cite journal |last1=Perry |first1=T |last2=Remington |first2=B |date=1997-09-01 |title=Nova laser experiments and stockpile stewardship |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/560606 |journal=Science and Technology Review |page= |osti=560606 |access-date=2025-01-14}}</ref>
| Uranium enrichment
|-
| Chelyabinsk-40 
Chelyabinsk-65
| [[Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast|Ozyorsk]]
| 1947
| colspan="2" |[[Mayak|Mayak Production Association]]
| Plutonium production, component manufacturing
|-
| Sverdlovsk-45
| [[Lesnoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast|Lesnoy]]
| 1947
| colspan="2" |{{Interlanguage link multi|Elektrokhimpribor|lt=Elektrokhimpribor Combine|ru|Электрохимприбор|preserve=1}}<ref name="c879">{{cite web |last=Sokova |first=Elena |date=2002-05-31 |title=Russia's Ten Nuclear Cities |url=https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/russias-ten-nuclear-cities/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The Nuclear Threat Initiative}}</ref>
| Uranium enrichment, warhead assembly
|-
| Tomsk-7
| [[Seversk]]
| 1949
| colspan="2" |[[Siberian Chemical Combine]]
| Uranium enrichment, plutonium production, component manufacturing
|-
| Krasnoyarsk-26
| [[Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai|Zheleznogorsk]]
| 1950
| colspan="2" |[[Mining and Chemical Combine]]
| Plutonium production
|-
| Zlatoust-36
| [[Tryokhgorny]]
| 1952
| colspan="2" |[[Instrument Making Plant]]<ref name="c879" />
| Warhead assembly
|-
| Penza-19
| [[Zarechny, Penza Oblast|Zarechny]]
| 1955
| colspan="2" |{{Interlanguage link multi|Start Production Association|lt=Start Production Association|ru|Старт (научно-производственный центр)|preserve=1}}
| Warhead assembly
|-
| Krasnoyarsk-45
| [[Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai|Zelenogorsk]]
| 1956
| colspan="2" |{{Interlanguage link multi|Electrochemical Plant|lt=Electrochemical Plant|ru|Электрохимический завод|preserve=1}}
| Uranium enrichment
|-
| Kasil-2
Chelyabinsk-50
Chelyabinsk-70
| [[Snezhinsk]]
| 1957
|Scientific Research Institute-1011
|[[All-Russian Scientific Research Institute Of Technical Physics]]
| Weapons design and research
|}