Editing Spanish language (section)

=== Morphology ===
The main [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] variations between dialects of Spanish involve differing uses of pronouns, especially those of the second [[Grammatical person|person]] and, to a lesser extent, the [[object pronoun]]s of the third [[Grammatical person|person]].

==== Voseo ====
{{Main|Voseo}}
[[File:Voseo-extension-real.PNG|thumb|An examination of the dominance and stress of the {{lang|es|voseo}} feature in Hispanic America. Data generated as illustrated by the [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]]. The darker the area, the stronger its dominance.]]

Virtually all dialects of Spanish make the [[T–V distinction|distinction]] between a formal and a familiar [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]] in the [[Grammatical person|second-person]] [[Grammatical number|singular]] and thus have two different [[pronoun]]s meaning "you": {{lang|es|usted}} in the formal and either {{lang|es|tú}} or {{lang|es|vos}} in the familiar (and each of these three pronouns has its associated verb forms), with the choice of {{lang|es|tú}} or {{lang|es|vos}} varying from one dialect to another. The use of {{lang|es|vos}} and its verb forms is called {{lang|es|[[voseo]]}}. In a few dialects, all three pronouns are used, with {{lang|es|usted}}, {{lang|es|tú}}, and {{lang|es|vos}} denoting respectively formality, familiarity, and intimacy.<ref name="rae.es site">{{cite web |date=2023-06-11 |orig-date=October 2005 |url=http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/ |title=Diccionario panhispánico de dudas|trans-title=Pan-Hispanic Dictionary of Doubts |publisher=Real Academia Española y Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española [Royal Spanish Academy and Association of Academies of the Spanish Language] |language=es |access-date=2023-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305022017/http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/ |archive-date=5 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In {{lang|es|voseo}}, {{lang|es|vos}} is the [[Subject (grammar)|subject]] form ({{lang|es|vos decís}}, "you say") and the form for the object of a [[Preposition and postposition|preposition]] ({{lang|es|voy con vos}}, "I am going with you"), while the direct and indirect [[Object (grammar)|object]] forms, and the [[Possessive adjective|possessives]], are the same as those associated with {{lang|es|tú}}: {{lang|es|Vos sabés que tus amigos te respetan}} ("You know your friends respect you").

The verb forms of the general {{lang|es|voseo}} are the same as those used with {{lang|es|tú}} except in the present [[grammatical tense|tense]] ([[indicative]] and [[imperative mood|imperative]]) verbs. The forms for {{lang|es|vos}} generally can be derived from those of {{lang|es|vosotros}} (the traditional second-person familiar ''plural'') by deleting the [[semivowel|glide]] {{IPA|[i̯]}}, or {{IPA|/d/}}, where it appears in the ending: {{lang|es|vosotros pensá'''i'''s}} > {{lang|es|vos pensás}}; {{lang|es|vosotros volvé'''i'''s}} > {{lang|es|vos volvés}}, {{lang|es|pensa'''d'''!}} ({{lang|es|vosotros}}) > {{lang|es|pensá!}} ({{lang|es|vos}}), {{lang|es|volve'''d'''!}} ({{lang|es|vosotros}}) > {{lang|es|volvé!}} ({{lang|es|vos}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rae.es/dpd/voseo |title=Voseo según DPD |language=es |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104222442/http://www.rae.es/dpd/?key=voseo |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ General voseo <small>([[Rioplatense Spanish|River Plate Spanish]])</small>
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Imperative
|-
! Present
! Simple past
! Imperfect past
! Future
! Conditional
! Present
! Past
|-
| {{lang|es|pensás}}
| {{lang|es|'''pensaste'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''pensabas'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''pensarás'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''pensarías'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''pienses'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''pensaras'''}}<br />{{lang|es|'''pensases'''}}
| {{lang|es|pensá}}
|-
| {{lang|es|volvés}}
| {{lang|es|'''volviste'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''volvías'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''volverás'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''volverías'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''vuelvas'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''volvieras'''}}<br />{{lang|es|'''volvieses'''}}
| {{lang|es|volvé}}
|-
| {{lang|es|dormís}}
| {{lang|es|'''dormiste'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''dormías'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''dormirás'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''dormirías'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''duermas'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''durmieras'''}}<br />{{lang|es|'''durmieses'''}}
| {{lang|es|dormí}}
|-
| colspan=8|<small>The forms in '''''bold''''' coincide with standard '''''tú'''-conjugation''.</small>
|}

In Central American {{lang|es|voseo}}, the {{lang|es|tú}} and {{lang|es|vos}} forms differ in the present subjunctive as well:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Central American voseo
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Imperative
|-
! Present
! Simple past
! Imperfect past
! Future
! Conditional
! Present
! Past
|-
| {{lang|es|pensás}}
| {{lang|es|'''pensaste'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''pensabas'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''pensarás'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''pensarías'''}}
| {{lang|es|pensés}}
| {{lang|es|'''pensaras'''}}<br />{{lang|es|'''pensases'''}}
| {{lang|es|pensá}}
|-
| {{lang|es|volvés}}
| {{lang|es|'''volviste'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''volvías'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''volverás'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''volverías'''}}
| {{lang|es|volvás}}
| {{lang|es|'''volvieras'''}}<br />{{lang|es|'''volvieses'''}}
| {{lang|es|volvé}}
|-
| {{lang|es|dormís}}
| {{lang|es|'''dormiste'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''dormías'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''dormirás'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''dormirías'''}}
| {{lang|es|durmás}}
| {{lang|es|'''durmieras'''}}<br />{{lang|es|'''durmieses'''}}
| {{lang|es|dormí}}
|-
| colspan=8|<small>The forms in '''''bold''''' coincide with standard '''''tú'''-conjugation''.</small>
|}
In Chilean {{lang|es|voseo}}, almost all {{lang|es|vos}} forms are distinct from the corresponding standard {{lang|es|tú}}-forms.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Chilean voseo
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Imperative
|-
! Present
! Simple past
! Imperfect past
! Future<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baquero Velásquez |first1=Julia M. |last2=Westphal Montt |first2=Germán F. |year=2014 |title=Un análisis sincrónico del voseo verbal chileno y rioplatense |journal=Forma y Función |language=es |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=11–40 |doi=10.15446/fyf.v27n2.47558 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
! Conditional
! Present
! Past
|-
| {{lang|es|pensái(s)}}
| {{lang|es|'''pensaste'''}}
| {{lang|es|pensabais}}
| {{lang|es|pensarí(s)}}<br>{{lang|es|pensaráis}}
| {{lang|es|pensaríai(s)}}
| {{lang|es|pensí(s)}}
| {{lang|es|pensarai(s)}}<br />{{lang|es|'''pensases'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''piensa'''}}
|-
| {{lang|es|volví(s)}}
| {{lang|es|'''volviste'''}}
| {{lang|es|volvíai(s)}}
| {{lang|es|volverí(s)}}<br>{{lang|es|volveráis}}
| {{lang|es|volveríai(s)}}
| {{lang|es|volvái(s)}}
| {{lang|es|volvierai(s)}}<br />{{lang|es|'''volvieses'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''vuelve'''}}
|-
| {{lang|es|dormís}}
| {{lang|es|'''dormiste'''}}
| {{lang|es|dormíais}}
| {{lang|es|dormirís}}<br>{{lang|es|dormiráis}}
| {{lang|es|dormiríais}}
| {{lang|es|durmáis}}
| {{lang|es|durmierais}}<br />{{lang|es|'''durmieses'''}}
| {{lang|es|'''duerme'''}}
|-
| colspan="8" |<small>The forms in '''''bold''''' coincide with standard '''''tú'''-conjugation''.</small>
|}

The use of the pronoun {{lang|es|vos}} with the verb forms of {{lang|es|tú}} ({{lang|es|vos piensas}}) is called "pronominal {{lang|es|voseo}}". Conversely, the use of the verb forms of {{lang|es|vos}} with the pronoun {{lang|es|tú}} ({{lang|es|tú pensás}} or {{lang|es|tú pensái}}) is called "verbal {{lang|es|voseo}}". In Chile, for example, verbal ''voseo'' is much more common than the actual use of the pronoun ''vos'', which is usually reserved for highly informal situations.

===== Distribution in Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas =====
Although {{lang|es|vos}} is not used in Spain, it occurs in many Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas as the primary spoken form of the second-person singular familiar pronoun, with wide differences in social consideration.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andrew|date=10 April 2018|title=A Brief Guide to Regional Variation of the Forms of Address (Tú, Vos, Usted) in Spanish|url=https://howlearnspanish.com/forms-of-address-guide/|access-date=2 November 2020|website=Learn Spanish with Andrew|language=en-US|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032144/https://howlearnspanish.com/forms-of-address-guide/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2020}} Generally, it can be said that there are zones of exclusive use of {{lang|es|tuteo}} (the use of {{lang|es|tú}}) in the following areas: almost all of [[Mexico]], the [[West Indies]], [[Panama]], most of [[Colombia]], [[Peru]], [[Venezuela]] and coastal [[Ecuador]].

{{lang|es|Tuteo}} as a cultured form alternates with {{lang|es|voseo}} as a popular or rural form in [[Bolivia]], in the north and south of Peru, in Andean Ecuador, in small zones of the Venezuelan Andes (and most notably in the Venezuelan state of [[Zulia]]), and in a large part of Colombia. Some researchers maintain that {{lang|es|voseo}} can be heard in some parts of eastern Cuba, and others assert that it is absent from the island.<ref>Katia Salamanca de Abreu, [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/28/TH_28_001_138_0.pdf review of Humberto López Morales, ''Estudios sobre el español de Cuba''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221132209/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/28/TH_28_001_138_0.pdf |date=21 December 2012}} (New York: Editorial Las Américas, 1970), in ''Thesaurus'', 28 (1973), 138–146.</ref>

{{lang|es|Tuteo}} exists as the second-person usage with an intermediate degree of formality alongside the more familiar {{lang|es|voseo}} in [[Chile]], in the Venezuelan state of [[Zulia]], on the Caribbean coast of [[Colombia]], in the [[Azuero Peninsula]] in Panama, in the Mexican state of [[Chiapas]], and in parts of Guatemala.

Areas of generalized {{lang|es|voseo}} include [[Argentina]], [[Nicaragua]], eastern [[Bolivia]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Paraguay]], [[Uruguay]] and the Colombian departments of [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], [[Caldas Department|Caldas]], [[Risaralda Department|Risaralda]], [[Quindio]] and [[Valle del Cauca]].<ref name="rae.es site" />

==== Ustedes ====

{{lang|es|Ustedes}} functions as formal and informal second-person plural in all of Hispanic America, the [[Canary Islands]], and parts of [[Andalusia]]. It agrees with verbs in the 3rd person plural. Most of Spain maintains the [[T-V distinction|formal/familiar distinction]] with {{lang|es|ustedes}} and {{lang|es|vosotros}} respectively. The use of {{lang|es|ustedes}} with the second person plural is sometimes heard in Andalusia, but it is non-standard.

==== Usted ====
{{lang|es|Usted}} is the usual second-person singular pronoun in a formal context, but it is used jointly with the third-person singular voice of the verb. It is used to convey respect toward someone who is a generation older or is of higher authority ("you, sir"/"you, ma'am"). It is also used in a ''familiar'' context by many speakers in Colombia and Costa Rica and in parts of Ecuador and Panama, to the exclusion of {{lang|es|tú}} or {{lang|es|vos}}. This usage is sometimes called {{lang|es|[[:es:Ustedeo|ustedeo]]}} in Spanish.

In Central America, especially in Honduras, {{lang|es|usted}} is often used as a formal pronoun to convey respect between the members of a romantic couple. {{lang|es|Usted}} is also used that way between parents and children in the Andean regions of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.

==== Third-person object pronouns ====
Most speakers use (and the {{lang|es|[[Real Academia Española]]}} prefers) the pronouns {{lang|es|lo}} and {{lang|es|la}} for [[Object (grammar)|direct objects]] (masculine and feminine respectively, regardless of [[animacy]], meaning "him", "her", or "it"), and {{lang|es|le}} for [[Object (grammar)|indirect objects]] (regardless of [[Grammatical gender|gender]] or [[animacy]], meaning "to him", "to her", or "to it"). The usage is sometimes called "etymological", as these direct and indirect object pronouns are a continuation, respectively, of the [[Accusative case|accusative]] and [[Dative case|dative]] pronouns of Latin, the ancestor language of Spanish.

A number of dialects (more common in Spain than in the Americas) use additional rules for the pronouns, such as animacy, or [[count noun]] vs. [[mass noun]], rather than just direct vs. indirect object. The ways of using the pronouns in such varieties are called "{{lang|es|[[leísmo]]}}", "{{lang|es|[[loísmo]]}}", or "{{lang|es|[[laísmo]]}}", according to which respective pronoun, {{lang|es|le}}, {{lang|es|lo}}, or {{lang|es|la}}, covers more than just the etymological usage ({{lang|es|le}} as a direct object, or {{lang|es|lo}} or {{lang|es|la}} as an indirect object).