Editing Tatar language (section)

=== Influences in Tatar ===
Most of the [[Uralic languages]] in the [[Volga River]] area have strongly influenced the Tatar language,<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/~turkish/aatt/tatar.htm Tatar language – Princeton University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213002624/http://www.princeton.edu/~turkish/aatt/tatar.htm |date=13 December 2006 }}</ref> as have the [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] languages.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.languages-study.com/tatar.html Татарский язык в Интернете: информация о методах и средствах обучения]</ref>

==== Arabic and Persian ====
The Arabic and Persian influence on Tatar can be seen most clearly in loan words but also in specific sounds. For example, Tatar ğ / г is the Arabic [[Ghayn|ghayn غ]]. However, in Arabic words and names where there’s an [[Ayin|ayin ع]], Tatar adds the ghayn instead (عبد الله, '''''’'''''Abdullah'';'' Tatar: '''''Ğ'''abdulla'' / '''Г'''абдулла; [[Yaña imlâ alphabet|Yaña imlâ]]: غابدوللا /'''ʁ'''abdulla/).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tatar (Standard) |url=https://eurphon.info/languages/html?lang_id=46 |website=The Database of Eurasian Phonological Inventories |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511160945/https://eurphon.info/languages/html?lang_id=46 |archive-date=2021-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdullah - Islamic Name Meaning |url=https://quranicnames.com/abdullah/ |website=QuranicNames}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Tatar Names |url=https://magarif-uku.ru/tatar-isemnere/ir-at/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027192517/https://magarif-uku.ru/tatar-isemnere/ir-at/ |archive-date=27 October 2022 |language=tt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yevlampiev |last2=Pentzlin |last3=Joomagueldinov |first1=Ilya |first2=Karl |first3=Nurlan |date=20 May 2011 |title=Revised Proposal to encode Arabic characters used for Bashkir, Belarusian, Crimean Tatar, and Tatar languages |url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2011/11209-n4072-arabic.pdf |website=International Organization for Standardization}}</ref> In the Mishar Tatar Dialect, ğ is not pronounced, and thus, a word like ''şiğır'' (شعر, шигыр, "poem") is ''şigır'' or ''şiyır'' for Mishars (who in Finland use the Latin alphabet).<ref>{{cite book |title=Jazyki Rossijskoi Federatsii i sosednih gosudarstv |volume=3 |pages=67–68 |location=Moskva |publisher=Nauka |year=2005 |isbn=5-02-011237-2 |lang=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yabalak Süzlek – Finnish-Tatar Dictionary |url=https://yabalak.fi/}}</ref>

When it comes to Arabic and Persian loanwords, in the Tatar Latin script, [[Aleph|alif]] is realised as the letter a, and when there’s no alif, it is ä (ə) (عيسى, Ğ'''ə'''ys'''ə'''; آزاد, '''A'''z'''a'''t). When the alif has [[hamza]] on top (أ), it is also ä (ə), but Tatar [[İske imlâ alphabet|İske imlâ]] spells it without (امين / أمين, '''Ə'''min). Vowel harmony as well is a deciding factor (عبد الله, Ğ'''a'''bd'''u'''ll'''a'''; عبد الرشيد, Ğ'''ə'''bderr'''ə'''şit). Similarly with ö/o (عمر, Ğ'''ö'''m'''ə'''r;  عثمان, Ğ'''o'''sm'''a'''n). However, this rule is often inconsistent when transliterating from Cyrillic to Latin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-12-24 |title=Xristian dönyası Raştua bäyräm itä |script-work=tt:Азатлык Радиосы |url=https://www.azatliq.org/a/816786.html |lang=tt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmetcan |first=Aygul |title=Azat Minnekaev |url=https://www.learntatar.com/culture/famous-people/azat-minnekaev}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-01-17 |title=Äfğanstanda general Dostumnı üterergä telägän keşe qulğa alındı |script-work=tt:Азатлык Радиосы |lang=tt |url=https://www.azatliq.org/a/806083.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.30853/filnauki.2019.11.19 |title=EXISTENTIAL MOTIVES IN ĞABDULLA TUQAY'S CREATIVE WORK |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337712786 |date=November 2019 |journal=Philology Theory & Practice |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=86-89 |first1=L. R. |last1=Nadyrshina |first2=G. M. |last2=Khannanova|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-06-04 |title=Ğömär Sabircanov: «Dan qazanğan çittäge millättäşlärebez dä tatar entsiklopediäsenä kertelä ala...» |script-work=tt:Азатлык Радиосы |url=https://www.azatliq.org/a/808392.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-04-01 |title=Ğosman Sadä : "Taşqınnar da yua almıy xalıq xäteren..." "Şähri Qazan" |script-work=tt:Азатлык Радиосы |url=https://www.azatliq.org/a/818220.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |script-title=ru:Азбука татарского языка |trans-title=Tatar Language Alphabet |url=https://www.marefa.org/w/images/9/95/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_1778.pdf |language=ru |via=marefa.org}}</ref>

During the Golden Horde (1242–1502), the ancestors of modern Tatars used Persian in addition to their Turkic language to a relatively significant extent, especially in poetry and even after the Golden Horde. For example, the long-serving Khan of the Kazan Khanate (1438–1552), [[Möxämmädämin of Kazan|Möxəmməd-Əmin]], wrote poetry in Persian. In religious and legal matters Arabic was used.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |first=И.Л. |last=Измайлов |script-title=tt:Алтын Урда |trans-title=Golden Horde |url=https://tatarica.org/tat/razdely/istoriya/srednie-veka/gosudarstva/altyn-urda |encyclopedia=Tatarica |language=tt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=DeWeese |first=Devin |date=2019 |title=Persian and Turkic from Kazan to Tobolsk: Literary Frontiers in Muslim Inner Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvr7fdrv.11 |pages=131–156 |publisher=University of California Press |jstor=j.ctvr7fdrv.11 |isbn=978-0-520-30092-7 }}</ref> Many Persian and Arabic works are considered part of Tatar literature today.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |first1=Х. Й. |last1=Миңнегулов |first2=Т. Н. |last2=Галиуллин |script-title=tt:Татар әдәбияты |trans-title=Tatar Literature |url=https://tatarica.org/tat/razdely/kultura/literatura/literatura-tatarskaya |encyclopedia=Tatarica |language=tt}}</ref>