Editing Toothpaste (section)

==Striped toothpaste==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2017}}
[[File:Stripes (27542155522).jpg|thumb|A brand of red, blue and white striped toothpaste]]

Striped toothpaste was invented by Leonard Marraffino in 1955. The patent (US patent {{US patent|2789731|2,789,731}}, issued 1957) was subsequently sold to [[Unilever]], which marketed the novelty under the Stripe brand-name in the early 1960s. This was followed by the introduction of the Signal brand in Europe in 1965 (UK patent 813,514). Although Stripe was initially very successful, it never again achieved the 8% market share that it cornered during its second year.

[[Image:Toothpaste tube.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|The red area represents the material used for stripes, and the rest is the main toothpaste material. The two materials are not in separate compartments; they are sufficiently viscous that they will not mix. Applying pressure to the tube causes the main material to issue out through the pipe. Simultaneously, some of the pressure is forwarded to the stripe-material, which is thereby pressed onto the main material through holes in the pipe.]]
Marraffino's design, which remains in use for single-color stripes, is simple. The main material, usually white, sits at the crimp end of the toothpaste tube and makes up most of its bulk. A thin pipe, through which that carrier material will flow, descends from the nozzle to it. The stripe-material (this was red in Stripe) fills the gap between the carrier material and the top of the tube. The two materials are not in separate compartments, but they are sufficiently [[viscosity|viscous]] that they will not mix. When pressure is applied to the toothpaste tube, the main material squeezes down the thin pipe to the nozzle. Simultaneously, the pressure applied to the main material causes pressure to be forwarded to the stripe material, which thereby issues out through small holes (in the side of the pipe) onto the main carrier material as it is passing those holes.

In 1990, Colgate-Palmolive was granted a patent (USPTO {{US patent|4969767|4,969,767}}) for two differently colored stripes. In this scheme, the inner pipe has a cone-shaped plastic guard around it, and about halfway up its length. Between the guard and the nozzle-end of the tube is a space for the material for one color, which issues out of holes in the pipe. On the other side of the guard is space for second stripe-material, which has its own set of holes.

In 2016, [[Colgate (toothpaste)|Colgate]]-Palmolive was granted a patent (USPTO {{US patent|20160228347}}) for suitable sorts of differently colored toothpastes to be filled directly into tubes to produce a striped mix without any separate compartments. This required adjustment of the different components' behavior ([[rheology]]) so that stripes are produced when the tube is squeezed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weiss |first1=Haley |title=How the Toothpaste Got its Stripes|date = 2021|url=https://www.insidescience.org/news/how-toothpaste-got-its-stripes |website=Inside Science |access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref>

Striped toothpaste should not be confused with layered toothpaste. Layered toothpaste requires a multi-chamber design (e.g. USPTO {{US patent|5020694|5,020,694}}), in which two or three layers extrude out of the nozzle. This scheme, like that of pump dispensers (USPTO {{US patent|4461403|4,461,403}}), is more complicated (and thus, more expensive to manufacture) than either the Marraffino design or the Colgate designs.

The iconic depiction of a wave-shaped blob of toothpaste sitting on a toothbrush is called a "nurdle".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/colgate-glaxo-nurdle/colgate-glaxo-settle-toothpaste-nurdle-lawsuit-idUSN1E7A622B20111107|publisher=[[Reuters]]|title=Colgate, Glaxo settle toothpaste 'nurdle' lawsuit|department=Market News|date=November 8, 2011}}</ref>

===Tooth powder===
Tooth powders for use with toothbrushes came into general use in the 19th century in Britain. Most were homemade, with chalk, pulverized brick, or salt as ingredients. An 1866 Home Encyclopedia recommended pulverized charcoal, and cautioned that many patented tooth powders that were commercially marketed did more harm than good.

[[Arm & Hammer (brand)|Arm & Hammer]] marketed a baking soda-based toothpowder in the United States until approximately 2000, and [[Colgate-Palmolive|Colgate]] currently markets toothpowder in India and other countries.

===Modern toothpaste===
An 18th-century American and British toothpaste recipe called for burned bread. Another formula around this time called for [[dragon's blood]] (a resin), cinnamon, and burned [[alum]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

In 1873 the Colgate company began the mass production of aromatic toothpaste in jars.<ref>{{cite book |last1=DeMatteis |first1=Bob |title=From Patent to Profit: Secrets & Strategies for the Successful Inventor |date=February 2004 |publisher=Square One Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-0-7570-0140-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7G5A2pyvCQUC&dq=1873+colgate+powder&pg=PA288 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Show card advertising "Kolynos" Dental Cream Wellcome L0040561.jpg|thumb|Promotional poster for the Kolynos toothpaste from the 1940s]]
By 1900, a paste made of [[hydrogen peroxide]] and [[baking soda]] was recommended for use with toothbrushes. Pre-mixed toothpastes were first marketed in the 19th century, but did not surpass the popularity of tooth-powder until [[World War I]].

Together with [[Willoughby D. Miller]], [[Newell Sill Jenkins]] developed the first toothpaste containing [[disinfectants]], branded as [[Kolynos]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Segrave K |title=America Brushes Up: The Use and Marketing of Toothpaste and Toothbrushes in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9F5eTkLwcYC&pg=PA35|date=January 27, 2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5684-0|pages=35}}</ref> The name is a combination of two Greek words, meaning "beautifier" and "disease preventer".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Segrave |first1=Kerry |title=America Brushes Up: The Use and Marketing of Toothpaste and Toothbrushes in the Twentieth Century |date=29 November 2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5684-0 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9F5eTkLwcYC |language=en}}</ref> Numerous attempts to produce the toothpaste by pharmacists in Europe proved uneconomic. After returning to the US, he continued experimenting with [[Harry Ward Foote]] (1875–1942), professor of chemistry at [[Sheffield Scientific School|Sheffield Chemical Laboratory]] of [[Yale University]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnson TB | title = Harry Ward Foote | journal = Science | volume = 95 | issue = 2462 | pages = 241–2 | date = March 1942 | pmid = 17774149 | doi = 10.1126/science.95.2462.241 | bibcode = 1942Sci....95..241J }}</ref> After 17 years of development of Kolynos and clinical trials, Jenkins retired and transferred the production and distribution to his son [[Leonard A. Jenkins]], who brought the first toothpaste tubes on the market on April 13, 1908. Within a few years the company expanded in North America, Latin America, Europe and the Far East. A branch operation opened in London in 1909. In 1937, Kolynos was produced in 22 countries and sold in 88 countries. Kolynos has been sold mainly in South America and in Hungary. Colgate-Palmolive took over the production of [[American Home Products]] in 1995 at a cost of one billion US dollars.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://collectingvintagecompacts.blogspot.de/2011/05/kolynos-toothpaste-and-nalgiri.html | title = Kolynos Toothpaste and Nalgiri Cosmetics – A curious blend of Greek and Hindu | work = Collecting Vintage Compacts }}</ref>

[[Fluoride]] was first added to toothpastes in the 1890s. Tanagra, containing [[calcium fluoride]] as the active ingredient, was sold by [[Karl F. Toellner Company]], of [[Bremen]], Germany, based upon the early work of chemist [[Albert Deninger]].<ref>[http://www.fluoride-history.de/p-dentifrice.htm Early dental fluoride preparations (dentifrice, mouthwash, tablets, etc.)]. Fluoride-history.de. Retrieved on April 4, 2013.</ref> An analogous invention by [[Roy Cross (inventor)|Roy Cross]], of [[Kansas City, Missouri]], was initially criticized by the American Dental Association (ADA) in 1937. Fluoride toothpastes developed in the 1950s received the ADA's approval. To develop the first ADA-approved fluoride toothpaste, [[Procter & Gamble]] started a research program in the early 1940s. In 1950, Procter & Gamble developed a joint research project team headed by [[Joseph C. Muhler]] at [[Indiana University (Bloomington)|Indiana University]] to study new toothpaste with fluoride. In 1955, Procter & Gamble's [[Crest (toothpaste)|Crest]] launched its first [[clinically proven]] fluoride-containing toothpaste. On August 1, 1960, the ADA reported that "Crest has been shown to be an effective anticavity (decay preventative) dentifrice that can be of significant value when used in a conscientiously applied program of oral hygiene and regular professional care."

In 1980, the Japanese company, Sangi Co., Ltd., launched APADENT, the world's first remineralizing toothpaste to use a nano-form of hydroxyapatite, the main component of tooth enamel, rather than fluoride, to remineralize areas of mineral loss below the surface of tooth enamel (incipient caries lesions). After many years of laboratory experiments and field trials,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kani T, Kani M, Isozaki A, Shintani H, Ohashi T, Tokumoto T | title = Effect to Apatite-containing Dentifrices on Dental Caries in School Children | journal =  Journal of Dental Health | volume = 39 | pages = 104–109 | year = 1989 | doi = 10.5834/jdh.39.104 | doi-access = free }}</ref> its hydroxyapatite ingredient was approved as an active anti-caries agent by the Japanese Ministry of Health in 1993, and given the name Medical Hydroxyapatite to distinguish it from other forms of hydroxyapatite used in toothpaste, such as dental abrasives.

In 2006, [[BioRepair]] appeared in Europe with the first European toothpaste containing synthetic [[hydroxylapatite]] as an alternative to fluoride for the remineralization and reparation of [[tooth enamel]]. The "biomimetic hydroxylapatite" is intended to protect the teeth by creating a new layer of synthetic enamel around the tooth instead of hardening the existing layer with fluoride that chemically changes it into [[fluorapatite]].<ref>[http://www.biorepair.co.uk/ An enamel toothpaste that repairs teeth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331091141/http://www.biorepair.co.uk/ |date=March 31, 2012 }}. BioRepair (January 18, 2013). Retrieved on April 4, 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bossù |first1=Maurizio |last2=Saccucci |first2=Matteo |last3=Salucci |first3=Alessandro |last4=Giorgio |first4=Gianni Di |last5=Bruni |first5=Erika |last6=Uccelletti |first6=Daniela |last7=Sarto |first7=Maria Sabrina |last8=Familiari |first8=Giuseppe |last9=Relucenti |first9=Michela |last10=Polimeni |first10=Antonella |date=2019-01-25 |title=Enamel remineralization and repair results of Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite toothpaste on deciduous teeth: an effective option to fluoride toothpaste |journal=Journal of Nanobiotechnology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=17 |doi=10.1186/s12951-019-0454-6 |doi-access=free |pmid=30683113 |pmc=6346538 }}</ref>

====Dispensing====
{{main|Tube (container)}}
{{main|Toothpaste pump dispenser}}
Toothpaste is usually dispensed via a collapsible tube or with a more rigid pump. Several traditional and innovative designs have been developed.<ref>{{Citation
 | last =Malea
 | first =Anestasia
 | title = Innovative and sustainable toothpaste packaging design
 | journal = Journal of Graphic Engineering and Design
| volume =11
 | issue =2
 | pages =19–29
 | year =2020
 | doi =10.24867/jged-2020-2-019
 | s2cid =224878584
 | doi-access =free
 }}</ref>  The dispenser must be matched to the flow properties of the toothpaste.<ref>{{Citation
 | last =Ahuja
 | first =Amit
 | title = Rheological and sensory properties of toothpastes
 | journal = Rheologica Acta
| volume =57
 | issue =6–7
 | pages =19–29
 | year =2018
 | doi =10.1007/s00397-018-1090-z
 | bibcode =2018AcRhe..57..459A
 | s2cid =103260933
 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324952187
| access-date = 24 June 2023
}}</ref> [[File:Toothpaste.jpg|thumb|alt=A photo of the end of a tube of toothpaste that has a manufactured opening with blue toothpaste extending out|Modern toothpaste gel, in a tube]]
In 1880, Doctor [[Washington Sheffield]] of [[New London, CT]] manufactured toothpaste into a collapsible tube, [[Sheffield Pharmaceuticals|Dr. Sheffield's Creme Dentifrice]]. He had the idea after his son traveled to Paris and saw painters using paint from tubes. In [[York]] in 1896, Colgate-Palmolive Dental Cream was packaged in collapsible tubes imitating Sheffield. The original collapsible toothpaste tubes were made of [[lead]].<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Schlosser J | date = 20 December 2005 | url = http://blog.news-record.com/staff/architecture/2005/12/readers_have_po.shtml | title = Get the lead out didn't always mean for soldiers to speed up during World War II. It meant removing lead from toothpaste tubes to make bullets | work = Architecture Antiquity Artifacts | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013162246/http://blog.news-record.com/staff/architecture/2005/12/readers_have_po.shtml | archive-date = October 13, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | vauthors = Cooper HS, Gill B | url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1960/08/06/1960_08_06_020_TNY_CARDS_000262427 | title = The Talk of the Town: Collapsible | magazine = The New Yorker | date = 6 August 1960 }}</ref>