Editing 4G (section)

== Beyond 4G research ==
{{Main|5G}}

A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by [[macro-diversity]] techniques, also known as [[cooperative diversity|group cooperative relay]], and also by Beam-Division Multiple Access (BDMA).<ref>IT R&D program of [[Ministry of Knowledge Economy|MKE]]/IITA: 2008-F-004-01 "5G mobile communication systems based on beam-division multiple access and relays with group cooperation".</ref>

[[Pervasive network]]s are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly move between them (See [[vertical handoff]], [[IEEE 802.21]]). These access technologies can be [[Wi-Fi]], [[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]], [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]], or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio (also known as [[cognitive radio]]) technology to efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of [[Mesh networking|mesh routing]] protocols to create a pervasive network.