Editing Anti-Americanism (section)

=====Germany=====
{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in Germany}}
[[File:Massale vredesdemonstratie in Bonn tegen de modernisering van kernwapens in West, Bestanddeelnr 253-8610.jpg|thumb|Protest against the deployment of [[Pershing II]] missiles in Europe, [[Bonn]], [[West Germany]], 1981]]
German naval planners in the 1890–1910 era denounced the [[Monroe Doctrine]] as a self-aggrandizing legal pretension to dominate the Western hemisphere. They were even more concerned with the [[Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty|possible American canal in Panama]], because it would lead to full American hegemony in the Caribbean. The stakes were laid out in the German war aims proposed by the Navy in 1903: a "firm position in the West Indies," a "free hand in South America," and an official "revocation of the [[Monroe Doctrine]]" would provide a solid foundation for "our trade to the [[West Indies]], [[Central America|Central]] and South America."<ref>{{cite book|author=Dirk Bönker|title=Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3Nhk1cMHoYC&pg=PA61|year=2012|publisher=Cornell U.P.|page=61|isbn=978-0801464355|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223035931/https://books.google.com/books?id=w3Nhk1cMHoYC&pg=PA61|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the Cold War, anti-Americanism was the official government policy in [[East Germany]], and dissenters were punished. In West Germany, anti-Americanism was the common position on the left, but the majority praised America as a protector against communism and a critical ally in rebuilding the nation.<ref>Dan Diner, ''America in the eyes of the Germans: an essay on anti-Americanism'' (Markus Wiener Publishers, 1996).</ref> Germany's refusal to support the American-led [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] was often seen as a manifestation of anti-Americanism.<ref>Tuomas Forsberg, "German foreign policy and the war on Iraq: anti-Americanism, pacifism or emancipation?." ''Security Dialogue'' (2005) 36#2 pp: 213–231. [https://dk-media.s3.amazonaws.com/AA/AT/gambillingonjustice-com/downloads/275731/German_foreign_policy_and_the_war_on_Iraq-_anti-Americanism__pacifism_or_emancipation.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907112623/https://dk-media.s3.amazonaws.com/AA/AT/gambillingonjustice-com/downloads/275731/German_foreign_policy_and_the_war_on_Iraq-_anti-Americanism__pacifism_or_emancipation.pdf |date=7 September 2021 }}</ref> Anti-Americanism had been muted on the right since 1945, but re-emerged in the 21st century especially in the [[Alternative for Germany]] (AfD) party that began in opposition to European Union, and now has become both anti-American and anti-immigrant. Annoyance or distrust of the Americans was heightened in 2013 by revelations of [[Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)|American spying on top German officials]], including Chancellor Merkel.<ref>"Ami go Home," [https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21642211-anti-americanism-always-strong-german-left-growing-right-ami-go-home  ''Economist'' 7 February 2015, p 51] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907115334/https://www.economist.com/europe/2015/02/05/ami-go-home |date=7 September 2021 }}</ref>

In the affair surrounding ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' journalist [[Claas Relotius]], U.S. Ambassador to Germany [[Richard Grenell]] wrote to the magazine complaining about an anti-American institutional bias ("Anti-Amerikanismus") and asked for an independent investigation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Connolly|first1=Kate|last2=Le Blond|first2=Josie|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/23/anti-america-bias-der-spiegel-scandal-relotius|title=Der Spiegel takes the blame for scandal of reporter who faked stories|work=The Guardian|date=23 December 2018|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828162415/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/23/anti-america-bias-der-spiegel-scandal-relotius|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article185986368/Fall-Relotius-US-Botschaft-wirft-Spiegel-eklatanten-Anti-Amerikanismus-vor.html|title=US-Botschaft wirft "Spiegel" "eklatanten Anti-Amerikanismus" vor|newspaper=[[Die Welt]]|date=December 22, 2018|language=de|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907112627/https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article185986368/Fall-Relotius-US-Botschaft-wirft-Spiegel-eklatanten-Anti-Amerikanismus-vor.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Grenell wrote that "These fake news stories largely focus on U.S. policies and certain segments of the American people."<ref>{{cite news |title=Der Spiegel to press charges against reporter who made up article about Fergus Falls, Minnesota |url=http://www.startribune.com/der-spiegel-to-press-charges-against-reporter-who-made-up-article-about-fergus-falls-minnesota/503414652/ |work=Star Tribune |date=24 December 2018 |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412065306/http://www.startribune.com/der-spiegel-to-press-charges-against-reporter-who-made-up-article-about-fergus-falls-minnesota/503414652/ |archive-date=12 April 2019 }}</ref>

German historian Darius Harwardt has noted that from 1980 onwards, the term has seen an increase in usage in [[Politics of Germany|German politics]], for example to discredit those that wish to close [[List of United States Army installations in Germany|American military bases in Germany]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=2018-07-11 |title=Germans actually want Donald Trump to pull US troops out of Germany, poll finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/us-troops-germany-public-opinion-pull-out-nato-summit-merkel-a8442021.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131094648/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/us-troops-germany-public-opinion-pull-out-nato-summit-merkel-a8442021.html |archive-date=31 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-27 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>