Editing Apollo 1 (section)

== Memorials ==
[[File:Amf space mirror.jpg|thumb|The [[Space Mirror Memorial]] at the Kennedy Space Center bears the names of Grissom, White, and Chaffee at the bottom middle.]]

Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee were buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. Ed White was buried at [[West Point Cemetery]] on the grounds of the [[United States Military Academy]] in [[West Point, New York]]. NASA officials attempted to pressure Pat White, Ed White's widow, into allowing her husband also to be buried at Arlington, against what she knew to be his wishes; their efforts were foiled by astronaut [[Frank Borman]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Colin |author-link1=Colin Burgess (author) |last2=Doolan |first2=Kate |others=With Bert Vis |title=Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon |edition=revised |series=Outward Odyssey: A People's History of Spaceflight |location=[[Lincoln, Nebraska|Lincoln]] and [[London]] |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-8032-8509-5 |pages=205–208}}</ref> The names of the Apollo 1 crew are among those of multiple astronauts who have died in the line of duty, listed on the [[Space Mirror Memorial]] at the [[Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex]] in [[Merritt Island, Florida]]. President [[Jimmy Carter]] awarded the [[Congressional Space Medal of Honor]] posthumously to Grissom on October 1, 1978. President [[Bill Clinton]] awarded it to White and Chaffee on December 17, 1997.<ref name="nasa_list">{{cite web |date=April 28, 2006 |title=Congressional Space Medal of Honor |url=https://history.nasa.gov/spacemedal.htm |access-date=July 5, 2008 |publisher=NASA}}</ref>
[[File:Apollo 1 Silver-Colored Fliteline Medallion (Flown on Apollo 9).jpg|thumb|Apollo{{nbsp}}1 [[NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions|medallion]] flown on [[Apollo 9|Apollo{{nbsp}}9]] by [[James McDivitt|Jim McDivitt]]]]

An Apollo 1 mission patch was left on the Moon's surface after the first crewed lunar landing by [[Apollo 11|Apollo{{nbsp}}11]] crew members [[Neil Armstrong]] and Buzz Aldrin.<ref name="ALSJ 1">{{cite web |year=1995 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |title=EASEP Deployment and Closeout |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.clsout.html |website=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 9, 2011 |archive-date=February 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225025455/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.clsout.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Apollo 15|Apollo{{nbsp}}15]] mission left on the surface of the Moon a tiny memorial statue, ''[[Fallen Astronaut]]'', along with a plaque containing the names of the Apollo{{nbsp}}1 astronauts, among others including Soviet cosmonauts, who perished in the pursuit of human space flight.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 1, 1971 |title=View of Commemorative plaque left on moon at Hadley-Apennine landing site |url=http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/caption_direct.jsp?photoId=AS15-88-11894 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217201311/http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/caption_direct.jsp?photoId=AS15-88-11894 |archive-date=February 17, 2013 |access-date=April 29, 2013 |website=images.jsc.nasa.gov |publisher=NASA}}</ref>

=== Launch Complex 34 ===
{{Main|Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 34}}

After the Apollo 1 fire, [[Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 34|Launch Complex 34]] was subsequently used only for the launch of Apollo{{nbsp}}7 and later dismantled down to the concrete launch pedestal, which remains at the site ({{Coord|28.52182|N|80.56126|W|type:landmark_region:US-FL_scale:10000}}) along with a few other concrete and steel-reinforced structures. The pedestal bears two plaques commemorating the crew.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fast Facts |url=http://www.cmgww.com/historic/white/about/facts.html |access-date=September 15, 2021 |website=The Official Site of Edward White II |publisher=Estate of Edward H. White II}}</ref>  
The "[[Ad astra|Ad Astra per aspera]]" plaque for "the crew of Apollo 1" is seen in the 1998 film ''[[Armageddon (1998 film)|Armageddon]]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Ad astra per aspera| date=June 25, 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKN9w_yoXkk&t=30|language=en|access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref> 
The "Dedicated to the living memory of the crew of the Apollo 1" plaque is quoted at the end of [[Wayne Hale]]'s [[Requiem (short story)|Requiem]] for the NASA [[Space Shuttle program]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where is Delos D. Harriman when we need him? – Wayne Hale's Blog|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/waynehalesblog/2010/01/29/post_1264807222807/|access-date=February 13, 2022|website=blogs.nasa.gov|date=January 29, 2010 |language=en-US}}</ref> Each year the families of the Apollo{{nbsp}}1 crew are invited to the site for a memorial, and the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex includes the site during the tour of the historic Cape Canaveral launch sites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Up Close Cape Canaveral: Then and Now Tour |url=https://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/things-to-do/ksc-up-close-then-and-now-tour.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413045642/https://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/things-to-do/ksc-up-close-then-and-now-tour.aspx |archive-date=April 13, 2016 |publisher=[[Kennedy Space Center]] }}</ref>

In January 2005, three granite benches, built by a college classmate of one of the astronauts, were installed at the site on the southern edge of the launch pad. Each bears the name of one of the astronauts and his military service insignia.
<gallery>
KSC Launch Complex 34.jpg|Launch pedestal, with dedication plaque on the rear of right post
Pad 34 astronaut memorial.jpg|Memorial kiosk
Apollo1plaque.JPG|Dedication plaque attached to launch platform
LC34plaque2.jpg|Memorial plaque attached to launch platform
LC34 memorial benches.jpg|Granite [[memorial bench]]es on the edge of the launch pad
</gallery>

=== Stars, landmarks on the Moon and Mars ===
* Apollo astronauts frequently aligned their spacecraft [[inertial navigation]] platforms and determined their positions relative to the Earth and Moon by sighting sets of stars with optical instruments. As a practical joke, the Apollo{{nbsp}}1 crew named three of the stars in the Apollo catalog after themselves and introduced them into NASA documentation. [[Gamma Cassiopeiae]] became ''Navi'' – Ivan (Gus Grissom's middle name) spelled backwards. [[Iota Ursae Majoris]] became ''Dnoces'' – "Second" spelled backwards, for Edward H. White II. And [[Gamma Velorum]] became ''Regor'' – Roger (Chaffee) spelled backwards. These names quickly stuck after the Apollo{{nbsp}}1 accident and were regularly used by later Apollo crews.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Eric M. |title=Post-landing Activities |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15.postland.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070802025232/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15.postland.html |archive-date=August 2, 2007 |access-date=July 26, 2007 |website=Apollo 15 Lunar Surface Journal |publisher=NASA}} Section 105:11:33.</ref>
* [[Lunar craters named for space explorers|Craters]] on the Moon and [[Apollo 1 Hills|hills]] on [[Mars]] are named after the three Apollo{{nbsp}}1 astronauts.

=== Civic and other memorials ===
* Three public schools in [[Huntsville, Alabama]] (home of [[Marshall Space Flight Center|George C. Marshall Space Flight Center]] and the [[U.S. Space & Rocket Center]]): [[Virgil I. Grissom High School]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgil I. Grissom High School |url=http://www.grissomhigh.org/ |access-date=July 13, 2013 |website=Huntsville City Schools}}</ref> [[Ed White Middle School (Alabama)|Ed White Middle School]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ed White Middle School |url=http://www.edwhitemiddle.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901094945/http://www.edwhitemiddle.org/ |archive-date=September 1, 2012 |access-date=July 13, 2013 |website=Huntsville City Schools}}</ref> and the Chaffee Elementary School.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chaffee Elementary School |url=http://www.chaffeeelementary.org/ |access-date=July 13, 2013 |website=Huntsville City Schools}}</ref>
* Ed White II Elementary e-STEM (Elementary-Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) Magnet school in [[El Lago, Texas]], near the [[Johnson Space Center]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Home – Ed White ESTEM Magnet School |url=http://edwhite.ccisd.net/ |access-date=January 26, 2018 |website=edwhite.ccisd.net |language=en-US}}</ref> White lived in El Lago (next door to [[Neil Armstrong]]).
* There are Grissom or Virgil I. Grissom middle schools in [[Mishawaka, Indiana]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://grissom.phmschools.org/about-us |website=Grissom Middle School |publisher=Penn-Madison-Harris School Corporation |access-date=December 3, 2021}}</ref> [[Sterling Heights, Michigan]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://school.wcskids.net/grissom/about-us/ |website=Virgil I. Grissom Middle School |publisher=Warren Consolidated Schools |access-date=December 3, 2021 |archive-date=December 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203215432/http://school.wcskids.net/grissom/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Tinley Park, Illinois]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Grissom Middle School, a KSD 140 6-8 grade junior high located in Tinley Park, IL |url=https://www.ksd140.org/grissom/about-us |website=Kirby School District 140 |publisher=Kirby School District |access-date=December 3, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
Virgil Grissom Elementary School in Houston, Texas.

* Virgil Grissom Elementary School in [[Princeton, Iowa]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgil Grissom Elementary |url=https://sites.google.com/a/north-scott.k12.ia.us/virgilgrissomelementary/ |access-date=July 13, 2013 |website=North Scott Community School District}}</ref> and the Edward White Elementary School in [[Eldridge, Iowa]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Edward White Elementary School |url=https://sites.google.com/a/north-scott.k12.ia.us/edward-white-elementary-school-newsletter/ |access-date=July 13, 2013 |website=North Scott Community School District}}</ref> are both part of the [[North Scott Community School District]] also naming the other three elementary schools after astronauts Neil Armstrong, [[John Glenn]], and [[Alan Shepard]].<ref>{{cite web |title=North Scott Community School District |url=http://www.north-scott.k12.ia.us/default.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629132951/http://www.north-scott.k12.ia.us/default.html |archive-date=June 29, 2013 |access-date=July 13, 2013 |website=North Scott Community School District}}</ref>
* School #7 in [[Rochester, New York]], is also known as the Virgil I. Grissom School.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.rcsdk12.org/Page/3169 |website=Virgil Grissom School no. 7 |publisher=Rochester City School District |access-date=December 3, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* In the early 1970s, three streets in [[Amherst, New York]], were named for Chaffee, White and Grissom. By 1991, when no homes had been built on Grissom Drive, the area was repurposed as commercial property; the Grissom street sign was removed and the street renamed Classics V Drive for the banquet hall that occupied the land.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mussen |first1=Dale |title=Amherst Tragedy Brings To Mind Another Tragedy |url=https://wyrk.com/one-tragedy-brings-to-mind-another-tragedy/ |access-date=December 3, 2021 |work=Country 106.5 WYRK |date=August 3, 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[THUMS Islands]], four man-made oil drilling islands in the harbor off [[Long Beach, California]], are named Grissom, White, Chaffee and [[Theodore Freeman]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meares |first1=Hadley |title=Why Long Beach oil derricks are disguised as islands |url=https://la.curbed.com/2018/9/28/17858248/history-long-beach-oil-islands-thums |access-date=December 3, 2021 |work=Curbed LA |date=September 28, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* The Roger B. Chaffee Planetarium is located at the Grand Rapids Public Museum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Roger B. Chaffee Planetarium |url=http://www.grmuseum.org/planetarium |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617194521/http://www.grmuseum.org/planetarium |archive-date=June 17, 2008 |access-date=June 24, 2008 |website=[[Public Museum of Grand Rapids|Grand Rapids Public Museum]]}}</ref>
* Roger B. Chaffee Memorial Boulevard in [[Wyoming, Michigan]], the largest suburb of [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], which is today an industrial park, but exists on the site of the former Grand Rapids Airport. A large portion of the north-south runway is used today as the roadway of the Roger B. Chaffee Memorial Boulevard.<ref>{{cite web |title=Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Southwestern Michigan |url=https://www.airfieldsfreeman.com/MI/Airfields_MI_SW.htm#kentco |access-date=November 7, 2018 |publisher=airfields-freeman.com}}</ref>
* Roger B. Chaffee Scholarship Fund in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], each year in memory of Chaffee honors one student who intends to pursue a career in engineering or the sciences<ref>{{cite web |title=Roger B. Chaffee Scholarship Fund |url=http://rogerbchaffeescholarship.org |access-date=July 14, 2013 |publisher=rogerbchaffeescholarship.org}}</ref>
* Three adjacent parks in [[Fullerton, California]], are each named for Grissom, Chaffee and White. The parks are located near a former [[Hughes Aircraft Company|Hughes Aircraft]] research and development facility. A Hughes subsidiary, [[Hughes Aircraft Company#Hughes Space and Communications Group|Hughes Space and Communications Company]], built components for the Apollo program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chaffee Park, Rosecrans Avenue, Fullerton, CA  |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&q=Chaffee+Park,+Rosecrans+Avenue,+Fullerton,+CA&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=28.529345,54.052734&hq=Chaffee+Park,&hnear=Rosecrans+Ave,+Fullerton,+CA&ll=33.898276,-117.950506&spn=0.029138,0.052786&z=14 |access-date=August 14, 2010 |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref>
* Two buildings on the campus of [[Purdue University]] in [[West Lafayette, Indiana]], are named for Grissom and Chaffee (both Purdue alumni). Grissom Hall houses the School of Industrial Engineering (and was home to the School of Aeronautics and Astronautics before it moved into the new Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering).<ref>{{cite web |title=Purdue Campus Map |url=http://www.cyto.purdue.edu/cdroms/cyto1/14/pucl/flowcyt/campus.htm |publisher=[[Purdue University]]}}</ref> Chaffee Hall, constructed in 1965, is the administration complex of [[Maurice J. Zucrow]] Laboratories where combustion, propulsion, gas dynamics, and related fields are studied. The Chaffee Hall contains a 72-seat auditorium, offices, and administrative staff.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zucrow Laboratories History |url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/Zucrow/about-us/history |publisher=[[Purdue University]]}}</ref>
* A tree for each astronaut was planted in NASA's Astronaut Memorial Grove at the [[Johnson Space Center]] in [[Houston]], Texas, not far from the Saturn V building, along with trees for each astronaut from the ''Challenger'' and ''Columbia'' disasters.<ref>{{cite journal |last= |date=January 26, 2009 |title=NASA JSC Special: A Message From The Center Director: Memorials |url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=30406 |url-status=dead |journal=SpaceRef |location=Johnson Space Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712074116/https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=009217316079420695036:u6mkq7brjyy |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=April 25, 2016}}</ref> Tours of the space center pause briefly near the grove for a moment of silence, and the trees can be seen from nearby [[Texas State Highway NASA Road 1|NASA Road 1]].
* In 1968, Bunker Hill Air Force Base near [[Peru, Indiana]] was renamed [[Grissom Air Reserve Base|Grissom Air Force Base]]. The three-letter code for the [[VHF omnidirectional range|VOR air navigation beacon]] at the base is GUS.
* All three Apollo 1 astronauts are memorialized in [[Jacksonville, Florida]]: [[Edward H. White High School]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39377998/the_tampa_tribune/|title=Band from School Named for Son Surprises White|date=April 7, 1972|newspaper=The Tampa Tribune|location=Tampa, Florida|last1=Allen|first1=Rick|page=4|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Chaffee Road, and Grissom Drive.