Editing Biome (section)

== Effects of climate change ==

Anthropogenic [[climate change]] has the potential to greatly alter the distribution of Earth's biomes.<ref name="Dobrowski-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Dobrowski |first1=Solomon Z. |last2=Littlefield |first2=Caitlin E. |last3=Lyons |first3=Drew S. |last4=Hollenberg |first4=Clark |last5=Carroll |first5=Carlos |last6=Parks |first6=Sean A. |last7=Abatzoglou |first7=John T. |last8=Hegewisch |first8=Katherine |last9=Gage |first9=Josh |date=September 29, 2021 |title=Protected-area targets could be undermined by climate change-driven shifts in ecoregions and biomes |journal=[[Communications Earth & Environment]] |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=198 |doi=10.1038/s43247-021-00270-z |bibcode=2021ComEE...2..198D |s2cid=238208819|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Rockström |first1=Johan |title="A Safe Operating Space for Humanity" (2009) |date=2017-12-31 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300188479-042 |work=The Future of Nature |pages=491–505 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |access-date=2022-09-18 |last2=Steffen |first2=Will |last3=Noone |first3=Kevin |doi=10.12987/9780300188479-042 |isbn=9780300188479 |s2cid=246162286|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Meaning, biomes around the world could change so much that they would be at risk of becoming new biomes entirely.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nolan |first1=Connor |last2=Overpeck |first2=Jonathan T. |last3=Allen |first3=Judy R. M. |last4=Anderson |first4=Patricia M. |last5=Betancourt |first5=Julio L. |last6=Binney |first6=Heather A. |last7=Brewer |first7=Simon |last8=Bush |first8=Mark B. |last9=Chase |first9=Brian M. |last10=Cheddadi |first10=Rachid |last11=Djamali |first11=Morteza |last12=Dodson |first12=John |last13=Edwards |first13=Mary E. |last14=Gosling |first14=William D. |last15=Haberle |first15=Simon |date=2018-08-31 |title=Past and future global transformation of terrestrial ecosystems under climate change |journal=Science |language=en |volume=361 |issue=6405 |pages=920–923 |doi=10.1126/science.aan5360 |pmid=30166491 |bibcode=2018Sci...361..920N |s2cid=52131254 |issn=0036-8075|doi-access=free }}</ref> More specifically, between 54% and 22% of global land area will experience climates that correspond to other biomes.<ref name="Dobrowski-2021" /> 3.6% of land area will experience climates that are completely new or unusual.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abatzoglou |first1=John T. |last2=Dobrowski |first2=Solomon Z. |last3=Parks |first3=Sean A. |date=2020-03-03 |title=Multivariate climate departures have outpaced univariate changes across global lands |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60270-5 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=3891 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-60270-5 |pmid=32127547 |pmc=7054431 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.3891A |issn=2045-2322}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=John W. |last2=Jackson |first2=Stephen T. |last3=Kutzbach |first3=John E. |date=2007-04-03 |title=Projected distributions of novel and disappearing climates by 2100 AD |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=104 |issue=14 |pages=5738–5742 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0606292104 |pmid=17389402 |pmc=1851561 |bibcode=2007PNAS..104.5738W |issn=0027-8424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An example of a biome shift is [[woody plant encroachment]], which can change grass savanna into shrub savanna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Nicola |last2=Lehmann |first2=Caroline E. R. |last3=Murphy |first3=Brett P. |last4=Durigan |first4=Giselda |date=January 2017 |title=Savanna woody encroachment is widespread across three continents |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.13409 |journal=Global Change Biology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=235–244 |doi=10.1111/gcb.13409 |pmid=27371937 |bibcode=2017GCBio..23..235S |issn=1354-1013|hdl=20.500.11820/ff572887-5c50-4c25-8b65-a9ce5bd8ea2a |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Average temperatures have risen more than twice the usual amount in both arctic and mountainous biomes,<ref name="De Boeck-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=De Boeck |first1=Hans J. |last2=Hiltbrunner |first2=Erika |last3=Jentsch |first3=Anke |last4=Vandvik |first4=Vigdis |date=2019-03-28 |title=Editorial: Responses to Climate Change in the Cold Biomes |journal=[[Frontiers in Plant Science]] |volume=10 |pages=347 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2019.00347 |issn=1664-462X |pmc=6447700 |pmid=30984216 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gobiet |first1=Andreas |last2=Kotlarski |first2=Sven |last3=Beniston |first3=Martin |last4=Heinrich |first4=Georg |last5=Rajczak |first5=Jan |last6=Stoffel |first6=Markus |date=September 15, 2014 |title=21st century climate change in the European Alps—A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |language=en |volume=493 |pages=1138–1151 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.050 |pmid=23953405 |bibcode=2014ScTEn.493.1138G|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/87298 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johannessen |first1=Ola M. |last2=Kuzmina |first2=Svetlana I. |last3=Bobylev |first3=Leonid P. |last4=Miles |first4=Martin W. |date=2016-12-01 |title=Surface air temperature variability and trends in the Arctic: new amplification assessment and regionalisation |journal=[[Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography]] |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=28234 |doi=10.3402/tellusa.v68.28234 |bibcode=2016TellA..6828234J |s2cid=123468873 |issn=1600-0870|doi-access=free }}</ref> which leads to the conclusion that arctic and mountainous biomes are currently the most vulnerable to climate change.<ref name="De Boeck-2019" /> South American terrestrial biomes have been predicted to go through the same temperature trends as arctic and mountainous biomes.<ref name="Anjos-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Anjos |first1=Luciano J. S. |last2=Barreiros de Souza |first2=Everaldo |last3=Amaral |first3=Calil Torres |last4=Igawa |first4=Tassio Koiti |last5=Mann de Toledo |first5=Peter |date=2021-01-01 |title=Future projections for terrestrial biomes indicate widespread warming and moisture reduction in forests up to 2100 in South America |journal=[[Global Ecology and Conservation]] |language=en |volume=25 |pages=e01441 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01441 |issn=2351-9894 |s2cid=234107449 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2501441A }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Locosselli |first1=Giuliano Maselli |last2=Brienen |first2=Roel J. W. |last3=Leite |first3=Melina de Souza |last4=Gloor |first4=Manuel |last5=Krottenthaler |first5=Stefan |last6=Oliveira |first6=Alexandre A. de |last7=Barichivich |first7=Jonathan |last8=Anhuf |first8=Dieter |last9=Ceccantini |first9=Gregorio |last10=Schöngart |first10=Jochen |last11=Buckeridge |first11=Marcos |date=2020-12-14 |title=Global tree-ring analysis reveals rapid decrease in tropical tree longevity with temperature |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=117 |issue=52 |pages=33358–33364 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2003873117 |pmid=33318167 |pmc=7776984 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11733358M |issn=0027-8424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> With its annual average temperature continuing to increase, the moisture currently located in forest biomes will dry up.<ref name="Anjos-2021" /><ref name="Marcolla-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Marcolla |first1=Barbara |last2=Migliavacca |first2=Mirco |last3=Rödenbeck |first3=Christian |last4=Cescatti |first4=Alessandro |date=2020-04-30 |title=Patterns and trends of the dominant environmental controls of net biome productivity |url=https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/17/2365/2020/ |journal=[[Biogeosciences]] |language=English |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=2365–2379 |bibcode=2020BGeo...17.2365M |doi=10.5194/bg-17-2365-2020 |issn=1726-4170 |s2cid=219056644 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10449/64139}}</ref>{{excerpt|Effects of climate change on biomes|paragraphs=1}}