Editing Brain–computer interface (section)

==== Magnetoencephalography and fMRI ====
{{Main|Magnetoencephalography|Functional magnetic resonance imaging}}

[[File:Visual stimulus reconstruction using fMRI.png|thumb|ATR Labs' reconstruction of human vision using [[functional magnetic resonance imaging|fMRI]] (top row: original image; bottom row: reconstruction from mean of combined readings)]][[Magnetoencephalography]] (MEG) and [[functional magnetic resonance imaging]] (fMRI) have both been used as non-invasive BCIs.<ref>Ranganatha Sitaram, Andrea Caria, Ralf Veit, Tilman Gaber, Giuseppina Rota, Andrea Kuebler and Niels Birbaumer(2007) "[https://archive.today/20120731202844/http://mts.hindawi.com/utils/GetFile.aspx?msid=25487&vnum=2&ftype=manuscript FMRI Brain–Computer Interface: A Tool for Neuroscientific Research and Treatment]"</ref> In a widely reported experiment, fMRI allowed two users to play [[Pong]] in real-time by altering their [[haemodynamic response]] or brain blood flow through [[biofeedback]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/news040823-18|title=Mental ping-pong could aid paraplegics|journal=News@nature|date=27 August 2004 | last = Peplow |first=Mark }}</ref>

fMRI measurements of haemodynamic responses in real time have also been used to control robot arms with a seven-second delay between thought and movement.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20060525/117493/ | title = To operate robot only with brain, ATR and Honda develop BMI base technology | work = Tech-on | date = 26 May 2006 | access-date = 22 September 2006 | archive-date = 23 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170623060519/http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20060525/117493/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2008 research developed in the Advanced Telecommunications Research (ATR) [[Computational Neuroscience]] Laboratories in [[Kyoto]], Japan, allowed researchers to reconstruct images from brain signals at a [[Display resolution|resolution]] of 10x10 [[pixels]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Miyawaki Y, Uchida H, Yamashita O, Sato MA, Morito Y, Tanabe HC, Sadato N, Kamitani Y | display-authors = 6 | title = Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multiscale local image decoders | journal = Neuron | volume = 60 | issue = 5 | pages = 915–929 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19081384 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.004 | s2cid = 17327816 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

A 2011 study reported second-by-second reconstruction of videos watched by the study's subjects, from fMRI data.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nishimoto S, Vu AT, Naselaris T, Benjamini Y, Yu B, Gallant JL |date=October 2011 |title=Reconstructing visual experiences from brain activity evoked by natural movies |journal=Current Biology |volume=21 |issue=19 |pages=1641–1646 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.031 |pmc=3326357 |pmid=21945275}}</ref> This was achieved by creating a statistical model relating videos to brain activity. This model was then used to look up 100 one-second video segments, in a database of 18 million seconds of random [[YouTube]] videos, matching visual patterns to brain activity recorded when subjects watched a video. These 100 one-second video extracts were then combined into a mash-up image that resembled the video.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/09/22/breakthrough-could-enable-others-to-watch-your-dreams-and-memories-video/ | title= Breakthrough Could Enable Others to Watch Your Dreams and Memories | last = Yam |first=Philip | date = 22 September 2011 | magazine = Scientific American | access-date = 25 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://sites.google.com/site/gallantlabucb/publications/nishimoto-et-al-2011 | title = Reconstructing visual experiences from brain activity evoked by natural movies (Project page) | publisher = The Gallant Lab at [[UC Berkeley]] | access-date = 25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925024037/https://sites.google.com/site/gallantlabucb/publications/nishimoto-et-al-2011 |archivedate=2011-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/09/22/brain-movies/| title= Scientists use brain imaging to reveal the movies in our mind |last=Anwar |first=Yasmin | date= 22 September 2011 | publisher = [[UC Berkeley]] News Center| access-date = 25 September 2011}}</ref>