Editing Causality (section)

=== Management ===
[[File:Ishikawa Fishbone Diagram.svg|thumb|Used in management and engineering, an [[Ishikawa diagram]] shows the factors that cause the effect. Smaller arrows connect the sub-causes to major causes.]]
For quality control in manufacturing in the 1960s, [[Kaoru Ishikawa]] developed a cause and effect diagram, known as an [[Ishikawa diagram]] or fishbone diagram. The diagram categorizes causes, such as into the six main categories shown here. These categories are then sub-divided. Ishikawa's method identifies "causes" in brainstorming sessions conducted among various groups involved in the manufacturing process. These groups can then be labeled as categories in the diagrams. The use of these diagrams has now spread beyond quality control, and they are used in other areas of management and in design and engineering. Ishikawa diagrams have been criticized for failing to make the distinction between necessary conditions and sufficient conditions. It seems that Ishikawa was not even aware of this distinction.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gregory | first1 = Frank Hutson | s2cid = 60817414 | year = 1992 | title = Cause, Effect, Efficiency & Soft Systems Models, Warwick Business School Research Paper No. 42 |issn=0160-5682 | journal = Journal of the Operational Research Society | volume = 44 | issue = 4| pages = 333–344 | doi=10.1057/jors.1993.63| title-link = s:Cause, Effect, Efficiency & Soft Systems Models }}</ref>